Parallel inductance

Laszlo, A. St Lawrence, P. (1983). Parallel induction and synthesis of PDC and ADH in anoxic maize roots. Molecular and General Genetics, 192, 110-17. 

Werner ER, Werner-Felmayer G, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Wachter H (1989) Parallel induction of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells and cell lines by interferon-gamma. Biochem J 262 861-866... 

Both in MCI and AD patients, mean plasma levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants and activity of antioxidant enzymes appeared to be lower than in controls, with no parallel induction of antioxidant enzymes (Keller et al., 2005). In order to explain these results it has been suggested that the increased free radical production in MCI might lead to a rapid consumption of plasma antioxidants without a simultaneous activation of new molecules of antioxidant enzymes. Individuals with MCI, and subsequently with AD, are likely to have an inadequate antioxidant enzymatic activity, unable to counteract the increased production of free radicals during the pathogenesis of the disease. 

Konopacka, M., Rzeszowska-Wolny, J. (2006). The bystander effect-induced formation of micronucleated cells is inhibited by antioxidants, hut the parallel induction of apoptosis and loss of viability are not affected. Mutat. Res. 593 32-8. 

Corraliza, I. M., Campo, M. L., Puentes, J. M., Campos-Portuguez, S., and Soler, G. (1993). Parallel induction of nitric oxide and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in activated bone marrow derived macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comntun. 196, 342-347. Curran, R. D., Billiar, T. R., Stuehr, D. J., Ochoa, J. B., Harbrecht, B. G., Flint, S. G., and Simmons, R. L. (1990). Multiple cytokines are required to induce hepatocyte nitric oxide production and inhibit total protein synthesis. Arm. Surg. 212, 462-471. 

Prestera T, Talalay P, Alam J, Ahn Yl, Lee PJ, Choi AM. Parallel induction of heme oxygenase-i and chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes by electrophiles and antioxidants regulation by upstream antioxidant-responsive elements (ARE). Mol Med 1995 1 827-837. 

The formation of ROS is almost unavoidable because low-valent CORMs reduce O2. CO is proposed to signal through ROS induction. Can these two parallel inductions of ROS synei ize, or is their accumulation deleterious ... 

Shown in Fig. 10.146, the quasi-square wave inverter produces a variable-duty waveshape that must be filtered by tuned series and parallel inductive-capacitive networks to reduce harmonics and form a sinusoidal output. Because of the filter networks present in this design, the inverter responds slowly to load changes response time in the range of 150 to 200 ms is common. Efficiency is about 80%. This type of inverter requires voltage-regulating and current-limiting networks, which increase circuit complexity and make it relatively expensive. 

The heart of an NMR spectrometer is the probe, which is essentially a tuned resonant circuit with the sample contained within the main inductance (the NMR coil) of that circuit. Usually a parallel tuned circuit is used with a resonant frequency of coq = The resonant frequency is obviously the most important probe... 

A familiar feature of the electronic theory is the classification of substituents, in terms of the inductive and conjugative or resonance effects, which it provides. Examples from substituents discussed in this book are given in table 7.2. The effects upon orientation and reactivity indicated are only the dominant ones, and one of our tasks is to examine in closer detail how descriptions of substituent effects of this kind meet the facts of nitration. In general, such descriptions find wide acceptance, the more so since they are now known to correspond to parallel descriptions in terms of molecular orbital theory ( 7.2.2, 7.2.3). Only in respect of the interpretation to be placed upon the inductive effect is there still serious disagreement. It will be seen that recent results of nitration studies have produced evidence on this point ( 9.1.1). 

Load inductance Load resistance Load parallel capacitance Load parallel resistance... 

Generally, a few harmonic quantities are always present in an a.c. system, as normally some non-linear loads always constitute a power system. These harmonics may not affect the operation of the inductive loads connected on the system as much as a capacitive load or a communication network that may be running in parallel or in the vicinity of such a power system. 

Transposing the overhead communication lines, i.c. reversing the respective positions of the two sides of the lines every I km or so, to avoid continuous parallelism (due to electrostatic and electromagnetic inductions), as illustrated in Figure 23,8.. See also Section 28.8.4(3) on phase transposition. 

In an HT system, either the star is not grounded or it is a delta-connected system and hence the third harmonic is mostly absent, while the content of the. second harmonic nuiy be too small to be of any significance. For this purpose, where harmonic analysis is not possible, or for a new installation where the content of harmonies is not known, it is common practice to use a series reactor of 6% of the reactive value of the capacitors installed. This will suppress most of the harmonics by making the circuit inductive, up to almost the fourth harmonic, as derived subsequently. Where, however, second harmonics are significant, the circuit may be tuned for just below the second harmonic. To arrive at a more accurate choice of filters, it is better to conduct a harmonic analysis of the system through a harmonic analyser and ascertain the actual harmonic quantities and their magnitudes present in the system, and provide a correct series or parallel filter-circuits for each harmonic. 

As noted from general experience, except for specific large inductive loads such as of furnace or rectifiers, the fundamental content of the load current is high compared to the individual harmonic contents. In all such cases, it is not necessary to provide a filter-circuit for each harmonic unless the current is required to be as close to a sinusoidal waveform as possible, to cater to certain critical loads or instruments and devices or protective schemes operating in the system, where a small amount of harmonics may lead to malfunctioning of such loads and devices. Otherwise only the p.f. needs be improved to the desired level. Also to eliminate a parallel resonance with the... 

But w hen the third and/or second harmonics are also present in the system, at a certain fault level it is possible that there may occur a parallel resonanee between the capacitor circuit and the inductance of the system (source), resulting in very heavy third or second harmonic resonant currents, which may cause failure of the series reactor as well as the capacitors. In such cases, a 6% reactor will not be relevant and a harmonic analysis will be mandatory to provide more exacting filter circuits. 

Let us refer to equation (23.13) for the inrush current, / on parallel switching. If we can increase the impedance of the switching circuit by introducing a resistance R or inductance L, or both, we can easily control this current to a desired level. 

If we are able to provide an inductance of this value with each capacitor bank of 60 kVAr the problem of excessive inrush transient current can be overcome and the component ratings as chosen above will be sufficient to switch a parallel circuit. 

Inductive interference on pipelines is usually only to be expected with extended and close or parallel routing with three-phase, high-voltage overhead power lines, as well as with conductors and supply lines of ac railways. 

Here not only does the resistive portion of the capacitor model cause problems, but if the PCB is laid out asymmetrically between paralleled capacitors, the trace inductance causes unbalanced heating within the capacitors, thus shortening the life of the hottest capacitor. 

In the parallel configuration, the same potential difference occurs across each and every element with the total current being the algebraic sum of the current flowing through each individual circuit element. Table 2-35 summarizes the equivalent resistance, conductance, capacitance, and inductance of series-parallel configurations of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 

Split-Phase Motor. A split-phase motor is a single-phase induction motor equipped with an auxiliary winding, displaced in magnetic position from, and connected in parallel with, the main winding. Note Unless otherwise specified, the auxiliary circuit is assumed to be opened when the motor has attained a predetermined speed. The term split-phase motor, used without qualification, described a motor to be used without impedance other than that offered by the motor windings themselves, other types being separately defined. 

The load (or instmment) impedance is connected in parallel with Z2 and should be very much larger than Z2 if accuracy is to be maintained. If D.C. voltages are involved then the impedances can be purely resistive and, in the steady state, any leakage inductance or capacitance has no... 

With l-alkyl-3-alkoxyallylstannanes, effective asymmetric induction occurs to give (E)-syn-products consistent with an antiperiplanar, antarafacial S t process. The optical purity of the products parallels that of the stannane106. 

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