Paper overview

Piezoelectric coefficients need to be measured accurately over a wide range of temperature, drive field amplitude, and frequency, in order to predict device performance appropriately. There are multiple methods available for such characterization in bulk materials and thin films. This paper overviews some of the standard characterization tools, with an emphasis on the methods utilized in the ieee Standard on Piezoelectricity. In addition, several of the evolving methods for making accurate piezoelectric coefficient measurements on thin films are reviewed. Some of the common artifacts in piezoelectric measurements, as well as means of avoiding them, are discussed. 

This paper overviews the high resolution microseismic mapping techniques and discusses a... 

The paper overviews research carried out at SABIC Company in the last 15-20 years in the field of selective oxidation. Using different approaches, a number of effective catalysts were developed by proposing new or improving existing catalytic systems. On some of them reaction network and kinetics were studied that in combination with reaction engineering allowed elaborate process technology. The most advanced development is ethane direct oxidation to acetic acid which was commercialized at one of the SABIC plants. 

In a recent review paper by Shao (2011) the author mentions that because of limited resources and high cost, platinum electrocatalysts, used in many low-temperature fuel cells, hinder the commercialization of fuel cell power plants. Recent efforts have focused on the discovery of palladium-based electrocatalysts with no or little platinum. The paper overviews progress in electrocatalysis by palladium-based materials for the reaction of hydrogen oxidation as well for the reaction of oxygen reduction (see the next section). 

The enormous potential of enzymes has been recently applied to polymer material synthesis and modifications. This recent application has made biocatalysis a popular topic for polymeric research in academia and industry. Enzyme catalysis has provided a new synthetic strategy for useful polymers most of which are otherwise very difficult to produce by conventional chemical catalysis. This paper overviews our recent work on the use of a variety of eu2ymes in the synthesis of novel pegylated multifunctional polymers for applications in drug and gene delivery. 

The reaction of a positively charged polyelectrolyte with a negatively charged polyelectrolyte produces a precipitate, forming the basis for a precipitation titration. This paper provides an overview of colloid titrations, discussing... 

T. J. McDonough, Kraft Pulp Bleaching Technology A Brief Overview of Basic Principles and Current Trends, Institute of Paper Chemistry, Adanta, Ga., 1992. 

G. Bocchi, "North American Market Overview," Powder Coating 90, Conference Papers, Gardner PubHcations, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 1990. 

Jankowski et al (1978) discuss in detail the great variety of gradientless reactors proposed by several authors with a pictorial overview in their paper. All of these reactors can be placed in a few general categories (1) moving catalyst basket reactors, (2) external recycle reactors, and (3) internal recycle reactors. 

Kjerengtroen, L. and Comer, I. 1996 Probabilistic Methods in Design an overview of current technologies. SAE Paper No. 961793. 

Nowick (1996) has outlined the researches done on crystal defects during the period 1949-1959 and called this the "golden age of crystal defects . A recent, very substantial overview (Kraftmakher 1998) admirably surveys the linkage between vacancies in equilibrium and thermophysical properties of metals this paper includes a historical table of 32 key papers, on a wide range of themes and techniques, 1926-1992. 

Overview The U.S. Air Force has classified material that must be destroyed. Disintegrators provide an alternative to incineration for the destruction of classified materials. Disintegrators are able to handle the destruction of paper, thick documents, video cassettes, microfilm or reels, CD-ROMs, microfiche, and diskettes. Disintegrators are available with a capacity of 50 to over 7500 lbs. per hour. Disintegrators work in the following way ... 

This book features the Proceedings of the 5th EuReDatA conference held in Heidelberg, Germany, April 9-11, 1986. It contains 72 papers, several of which contain some data on a wide variety of systems and components. The papers are categorized as follows 1) Overviews, 2) Reliability Data Banks, 3)... 

Bucaram, S. M. and B. J. Yeary. Data Gathering System to Optimize Production Operations A 14-Year Overview. i. Pet. Technol., Vol. 39, No. 4, April 1987, pp. 457-462. Capxrbianci, S. The Problem of Data Homogenization in Reliability Data Banks A Scheme of Classifications. Paper 11.B.5, ANS/ENS Topical Meeting on PRA, September 1981. Colombo, A. G. and R. J. Jaarsma. Combination of Reliability Parameters from Different Data Sources. Proceedings of the 4th EuReDatA Conference, 1983. 

This section is based on the papers An Overview of the Swann simulation system, by 94 Swarm Team, Santa Pe Institute and The Swarm simulation. system and individual-based modeling, by D. Hiebler. 

Apart from manifold structures, carbons can have various shapes, forms, and textures, including powders with different particle size distributions, foams, whiskers, foils, felts, papers, fibers [76, 77], spherical particles [76] such as mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB s) [78], etc. Comprehensive overviews are given, for example in [67, 71, 72], Further information on the synthesis and structures of carbonaceous materials can be found in [67, 70, 72, 75, 79]. Details of the surface composition and surface chemistry of carbons are reviewed in Chapter II, Sec. 8, and in Chapter III, Sec. 6, of this handbook. Some aspects of surface chemistry of lithiated carbons will also be discussed in Sec. 5.2.2.3. 

An overview is given of plutonium process chemistry used at the U. S. Department of Energy Hanford, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Rocky Flats, and Savannah River sites, with particular emphasis on solution chemistry involved in recovery, purification, and waste treatment operations. By extrapolating from the present system of processes, this paper also attempts to chart the future direction of plutonium process development and operation. Areas where a better understanding of basic plutonium chemistry will contribute to development of improved processing are indicated. 

A limited overview of the process chemistry used at these sites is presented. This paper will also attempt to bridge, at least partly, the gap between ongoing fundamental plutonium research and development and applied technology needs. We believe it is important to bridge this gap, since a continuous flow of knowledge about plutonium chemistry from academic and government laboratories to the plant is necessary and beneficial... 

The literature in this field is confusing because of a somewhat haphazard method of nomenclature that has arisen historically. This is compounded by some mistakes in structure determination, reported in early papers, and which are occasionally quoted. The first part of this chapter deals with nomenclature and with a brief overview of early work. Subsequent sections deal with the formation and metabolism of di-D-fructose dianhydrides by micro-organisms, and the formation of dihexulose dianhydrides by protonic and thermal activation. In relation to the latter topic, recent conclusions regarding the nature of sucrose caramels are covered. Other sections deal with the effects of di-D-fructose dianhydrides upon the industrial production of sucrose and fructose, and the possible ways in which these compounds might be exploited. An overview of the topic of conformational energies and implications for product distributions is also presented. 

The area of California influenced by a Mediterranean climate is home to over 30 million people. Climate variability and human water demand make freshwater a very precious resource. Allocations of water to cities, agriculture, and the environment create continual tension as demands for this vital and over-allocated resource grow. This paper presents a brief overview of water resource science and policy in a Mediterranean climate with substantial challenges from climate variability, climate change, and increasing human need. 

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