Paper mass coloration

Areas of application include wood coloration [45], paper mass coloration [46] and paper surface coating in the lime press [47], the office articles and artists colors sector pigments are used in colored pencils, crayons, and writing and pastel chalks or in water colors, as well as in cosmetics, especially soap [48],... 

P.R.146 is a suitable candidate for a variety of special applications. The list includes wood stains, in which it is frequently blended with yellow pigments, especially with P.Y.83, and also with black to afford shades of brown. The products are fast to overcoating and stable to nitro and acid catalyzed and polyester varnishes. Intense shades match step 5 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. Other areas of application include office articles and artists colors, cleaning agents, paper mass coloration, laundry markers, etc. In connection with cosmetics, the pigment frequently lends color to soaps. 

P.R.188 is also employed in paper mass coloration, paper surface coloration, paper pulp, and paper spread-coating formulations, as well as in wallpaper and wax crayons. 

P.R.60 is also used for emulsion paints and in paper mass coloration. 

Incorporated in plasticized PVC, P.B.15, like other phthalocyanine pigments, is usually entirely fast to migration. Moreover, it provides excellent lightfastness. P.B.15 also finds use in various types of PUR foam materials as well as in rubber. Its redder and frequently cleaner shade compared to corresponding stabilized types makes it an equally useful pigment for other media. This applies especially for water-based systems. Textile printing, paper mass coloration, paper surface treatment, and paper pulp are areas of application as suitable for the use of P.B.15 as office articles, including colored pencils, blackboard chalks for schools, and water colors. 

Organic pigments are used to color a variety of media. It is useful to distinguish between three primary fields of application the coatings and paints industry, the printing inks industry, and the plastics and fibers industry. Besides, organic pigments are used for special purposes, for instance in office materials and in the mass coloration of paper. 

Naphthol AS pigments are used to an appreciable extent in special areas, such as in office articles, artists colors, cleaning agents and detergents, including soaps. They are used to color paper, both mass colored paper and surface coated paper. 

P.R.8 is used in a variety of special media outside the paints, printing inks, and plastics field, which is also true for other members of this class of pigments. One such application is in the paper industry, where the pigment is used for mass coloration and surface coating formulations. It also lends itself to application in artists colors and office articles. 

P.R.17 provides medium reddish shades. As a result of poor fastness properties, its commercial significance is somewhat limited and it is sold only in small volume. P.R.17 has the advantage of being fast to acid, alkali, and soap. It is therefore used in offset, gravure, and flexo printing inks wherever tolerance to alkali and soap is a major concern. Moreover, P.R.17 is also employed in connection with mass coloration and surface coloration of paper. 

The paint industry employs P.R.22 in air drying systems, in emulsion paints, and occasionally in industrial finishes although there is some danger of blooming, and the appropriate limit has to be observed. Again, P.R.22 is much less lightfast in these media than P.R.l 12. Areas of application include paper mass and surface coloration, colored pencils, artists colors, and other purposes. 

There are a number of other media which are also pigmented with P.V.23. The list includes office articles and artists colors, such as drawing inks and fiber-tip pen inks, wax crayons, oil paints, and high quality water colors, water- or solvent-based pigmented wood stains, cleaning agents, and mass colored paper. 

P.B.9 matches the standard cyan for three and four color printing (Sec. 1.8.1.1). The pigment is continually losing significance as it is being displaced by the similarly shaded [3-modification of Copper Phthalocyanine Blue. The latter offers a number of applicational and economical advantages. P.B.9 continues to be used in mass colored paper, textile printing, and in colored pencils. 

The co-existence of several isomers allows one, in principle, to check possible differences in their photophysical properties. In a recent paper, two-color mass-selective MPI was used to estimate the relative efficiency of the ionization of isomeric forms of DMOT-anthracene adducts [24]. It was found that photodetachment of an electron from the exciplex excited state is about 10 times more efficient than that from LE excited states. A similar observation was made in the case of Nal... 

Colored paper can be obtained either by mass coloration or by coating coloration with (insoluble) pigments [16]. Other methods such as dip-dyeing or site-press dyeing are rarely used and will not be further discussed. 

Dye-manufacturers have traditionally sought outlets for their products other than in textiles in order to reduce their direct dependence on the vagaries of the textile industry as far as possible. These outlets include paper dyeing, mass coloration of plastics and polymers, leather dyeing, fur, hair and feather dyeing. The manufacture of colour-formers for so-called carbonless copying systems is an example of a modern non-textile application. 

Coloured papers are especially complex in their retention chemistry. They need also to be of certain levels of opacity, so they include titanium dioxide as well. The colour formulations in modem decorative laminates tend now to be very complex. Historically one of the main sources of coloured pigmentation was from materials derived from heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. However, more environmentally acceptable alternatives were sought in the 1980s, and all the major decorative laminate paper producers are following the lead taken by a British papermaker, who had completely replaced these pigments with organic alternatives by about 1985. (See the entries on Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics, and Pigments for plastics, for further information on related issues.)... 

Air Monitoring. The atmosphere in work areas is monitored for worker safety. Volatile amines and related compounds can be detected at low concentrations in the air by a number of methods. Suitable methods include chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic techniques. For example, the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods has methods based on gas chromatography which are suitable for common aromatic and aHphatic amines as well as ethanolamines (67). Aromatic amines which diazotize readily can also be detected photometrically using a treated paper which changes color (68). Other methods based on infrared spectroscopy (69) and mass spectroscopy (70) have also been reported. 

Streich-flache,/. striking surface (for matches), rubber, -holz, -holzchen, n. friction match, -instrument, n. stringed instrument, -kappe, /. (Expl.) friction cap. -kasten, m. (Dyeing) color tub. -kraut, n. dyer s rocket, -lack, m. brushing lacquer, -masse, /. friction composition (for matches), -mischung, /. coating mixture, -muster, m. (Paper) stained-paper pattern, -ofen, m. reverberatory furnace. -papier, n. coated paper, -stein, m. touchstone hone, -torf, m. pressed peat, molded peat. -zUndholzchen, n. friction match. 

Besides its use in cast resin, such as methylmethacrylate mixtures, P.Y.16 has gained recognition as a colorant for felt-tip pens, water colors, and a number of related applications. It lends color to leather, mass and surface paper coloration, and paper pulp. 

A partially purified HIV viral lysate is laid onto a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel slab and then electrophoresed, which distributes the HIV peptides through the gel by their relative molecular mass. The higher-molecular-mass proteins form bands near the top of the gel. The proteins on the gel are then transferred electrophoretically onto nitrocellulose paper. The paper is sliced into thin strips, each having the full distribution of HIV antigen bands. The strip is used as a solid support of an indirect immunoassay, and antigen-antibody reactions form insoluble colored bands on the strip. 

Penndorf, R., 1953. On the phenomenon of the colored sun, especially the blue sun of September 1950, Geophysical Research Paper No. 20 (AFCRC Tech. Rep. 53-7), Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Mass. 

Fig. 48. Mean error for the simulation of the NOx conversion at steady-state and constant urea dosing conditions as a function of exhausts mass flow and catalyst inlet temperature. Reprinted with permission from SAE Paper 2005-01-0965 2005 SAE International (see Plate 6 in Color Plate Section at the end of this book).

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