Paper from kenaf

Kenaf is now being grown in several countries where the bast fiber is used for geotextiles and the pith is going into sorbents for oil spill clean up and animal litter. The production of pulp and paper from kenaf is growing, but it is only used for limited types of papers at present. The utilization of the whole plant of both jute and kenaf is under consideration for structural and nonstructural composites. Automotive interior door panels are now produced in Germany and the United States out of jute and kenaf bast fiber in combination with thermoplastics. 

The pulp and paper industries use three types of raw materials, namely, hard wood, soft wood, and nonwood fiber sources (straw, bagasse, bamboo, kenaf, and so on). Hard woods (oaks, maples, and birches) are derived from deciduous trees. Soft woods (spruces, firs, hemlocks, pines, cedar) are obtained from evergreen coniferous trees. 

Our previous study, on the other hand, has shown that cell bodies of this microalga are of use as the partial substitute of a wood pulp paper [1], In the present study, whole kenaf pulp paper including algae obtained by the above cultivation was made and its properties were examined. It was indicated that they also could be used as an agent for surface improvement of kenaf pulp paper in addition to a partial substitute for the pulp as in the case of a paper made from wood pulp. 

Bags made from bamboo and sisal in Brazil were more resistant to bursting than ones made from pulp from pine trees.105 Paper can also be made from hemp, kenaf, wheat... 

Bazemore RA and Chen TC Mississippi State University Evaluation of effectiveness of five substances (copper chlorophyllin complex, chitosan, activated carbon, kenaf, and paper mill sludge) in reducing ammonia emissions from animal waste compost. Hatch... 

However, there has been some interesting work in the USA on soybean, as a potential source of TS binder resins. These resins are being developed by the United Soybean Board, St Louis, Missouri, USA, under the name Proteinol. They are made from various waste cellulosic fibers tightly bound with various soy protein/phenolic binder systems. Fillers can be agricultural crop wastes such as wheat straw, corn, bagasse, kenaf, or hemp, forest waste products such as wood fibers, shavings, sawdust or chips, and shredded newsprint, de-inked office paper, and other recycled products. Extruded and compression molded shapes are being produced, which can be nailed, drilled, sawn, routed, sanded, painted and stained. 

Source From Man, J.S.., and Rowell, J.S., Paper and Composites from Jute and Kenaf Resources, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL 1997, MS 83. ... 

Thermomechanical pulping of whole kenaf was done, but the resulting pulp had very low strength properties [71]. Chemithermomechanical pulping has also been done using alkaline hydrogen peroxide [72]. Table 7.18 shows the properties of paper made from whole kenaf using either TMP and CTMP. 

Soure From Touzinsky, G.F. Laboratory paper machine runs with Kenaf thermochemical pulp, TAPPI, 1980, 63(3), 109 Touzinsky, G.F. Kenaf, In Pulp and Paper Manufacturing, Vol. 3., Secondary fibers and non-wood pulping. Chapter 8, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA 1987,106. 

Fibers collected from seeds or seed cases, e.g. cotton and kapok Fibers collected from leaves, e.g. fique, sisal, banana and agave Fibers are collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of their respective plant. These fibers have higher tensile strength than other fibers. Therefore, these fibers are used for durable yam, fabric, packaging, and paper. Some examples are flax, jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, ramie, rattan, and vine fibers. 

The dimensions of CNC are dependent on the hydrolysis condition and the source of cellulose fibers [122], For example, the optimum acid concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time for H SO hydrolysis of kenaf bast fibers were reported as 65%, 45°C and 40 min, respectively (Figure 11.10a) [123], whereas for oil palm empty fruit bxmch fibers (OPEFB) they were 64%, 45 C and 1 hour, respectively (Figure 11.10b) [8], Furthermore, in HCF hydrolysis various conditions have been employed based on the raw material. For instance, CNC from MCC was produced by 2.5N HCL for 45 min [124] and from Whatman filter paper using 1.5N HCL for 4 hours at 100°C [125]. 

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