Cellulose waste

Organic materials whose decay consumes oxygen, which includes various harmless materials (e.g. all vegetable matter, milk wastes, cellulose, sugars, etc.) ... 

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource available for con- version to fuel, food, and chemical feedstocks. It has been estimated by Ghose (11) that the annual worldwide production of cellulose through photosynthesis may approach 100 X 109 metric tons. As much as 25% of this could be made readily available for the conversion processes. A significant fraction of the available cellulose, i.e., 4-5 X 109 t/year, occurs as waste, principally as agricultural and municipal wastes. Cellulose must be viewed, therefore, as an important future source of fuel, food and chemicals (see Table I). 

Cellulosic wastes have great potential as a feedstock for producing fuels and chemicals. Cellulose is a renewable resource that is inexpensive, widely available and present in ample quantities. Large amounts of waste cellulose products are generated by commercial and agricultural processes. In addition, municipal facilities must treat or dispose of tremendous quantities of cellulosic solid waste. 

Additionally, the environmental issue of utilizing waste cellulosic material and waste biomass products should be considered as an alternative green chemistry application to the production of many value added products. The combinatorial utilization of carbohydrate scaffolds based on chiral building block functionalization will also constitute attractive and relatively cheap starting materials. This rich selection of potential approaches, combined with further developments of new procedures and modem reagents, creates an enormous opportunity for the field to be at the frontier for many years to come. 

An indirect use of cellulase enzymes is the growth of cellulolytic microorganisms on waste cellulose to obtain single cell protein (64). The use of a combined culture of the bacteria Cellulomonas, which breaks down cellulose to cellobiose, and Alcaligenes, which can utilize this inhibitory product, resulted in rapid growth. The increasing need for protein and the availability of waste cellulose have focused much attention on this area. 

The use of cellulases to saccharify waste cellulose has been studied for the past few years by M. Mandels and her colleagues at the U.S. Army Natick Laboratories (65). Rates of glucose production achieved are 2-4 grams/liter/hour, which is half the rate reported in commercial starch hydrolysis (4-8 grams/liter/hour). However starch is not a waste... 

Flotaiion is a powerful mineral beneficialion tool that has wide potential in effluent treatments in tbe following industries 32 oil industry, engineering industry wastes, dairy wastes, food industry, textile fiber wastes, cellulose fibers, rubber wastes, asbestos wastes, polymeric wastes, paper industry wastes, dyes, electroplating industry, vegetable wastes, poultry processing wastes... 

However, there has been some interesting work in the USA on soybean, as a potential source of TS binder resins. These resins are being developed by the United Soybean Board, St Louis, Missouri, USA, under the name Proteinol. They are made from various waste cellulosic fibers tightly bound with various soy protein/phenolic binder systems. Fillers can be agricultural crop wastes such as wheat straw, corn, bagasse, kenaf, or hemp, forest waste products such as wood fibers, shavings, sawdust or chips, and shredded newsprint, de-inked office paper, and other recycled products. Extruded and compression molded shapes are being produced, which can be nailed, drilled, sawn, routed, sanded, painted and stained. 

In the work from Liu [105], an eco-friendly superabsorbent based on flax yarn waste for sanitary napkin applications has been successfully prepared. Till now, most of the waste cellulose materials from textile industry, such as cotton linter, cotton yarn waste and flax yarn waste, are still burned or land filled, causing both resource waste and environmental pollution [105, 106]. Reutlllzatlon of these waste materials could not only reduce the consumption of cotton or flax cellulose but also decrease the treatment of industrial waste. The major component [70%] of flax yarn waste is cellulose, which has been introduced as a basic skeleton of superabsorbent in previous studies [105, 106-109]. Fluff pulp, as a good absorbent material, is a kind of special pulp with villiform fibers. Nowadays, it is widely used as raw material for the production of sanitary napkin and paper diaper [105]. 

Levoglucosenone (1), an attractive chiral carbohydrate building block, is conveniently produced by the pyrolysis of cellulose composed materials. Despite the disadvantages of its low yield and the amount of solid cellulosic material necessary for pyrolysis, the efficiency and the economy of the pyrolysis process makes it an effective method. In addition, pyrolysis reduces the amount of waste cellulosic material, which is beneficial to the environment. 

S. K. Ritter (2008) Calling all chemists. Chem. Eng. News, 86 (33), 59-68. http //www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1024397/Jet Euel from Waste Cellulose.html (last access February 25, 2014). 

Waste NR woods shall be converted to chipboard/fibreboard composites and/or extraction of cellulose and lignin content from the waste. Cellulose may be converted into ethylene and butadiene or hydrolysed to sugars and then to alcohols. All these compounds may serve as the starting materials for polymer industry. Lignin may be used as filler, binder and extender or it may serve as a potential substitute for CB. 

Lignocellulosic materials waste Cellulose (Wt%) Hemicellulose (Wt%) Lignin (Wt%)... 

C. David, and R. Fornasier, Utilization of waste cellulose. 7. Kinetic study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of spruce wood pretreated by sodium hypochlorite. Macromolecules 19, 552-557(1986). 

Then, as now, petrol distilled from oil was thought unlikely to supply the burgeoning need for a liquid fuel the known reserves of crude oil were too small. Benzol distilled from coal would not fill the gap, but ethanol produced by fermentation seemed, if not an alternative, at least a supplement which would conserve petrol supplies. Such a scheme was considered particularly attractive where the input sugar could be derived from waste cellulose. To divert ever-increasing areas of good agricultural land to the supply of starch for ethanol manufacture was not thought practical. 

This continual modification of the process allowed it to compete with the petrochemical synthesis of butanol and acetone (see sections 9.8.1 and 9.9.7 of Vol. I) (Figure 6.6), until molasses found a competing use as an animal feed and its price began to rise. British production stopped in 1957, but the process survives in South Africa and Taiwan, where oil supplies are limited. A process which made use of waste cellulose might still be economic. However, its main legacy to biotechnology lies in that early phase of its development which laid the foundations of the modern fermentation industry. 

F. oxysporum DSM 841 Efficient direct conversion of waste cellulose to acetic acid [66]... 

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