Palmitic uptake

B. Rauch, C. Bode, H. M. Piper, J. F. Hutter, R. Zimmerman, E. Braunwell, W. Hasselbach, and W. Kubler. Palmitate uptake in calcium tolerant adult rat myocardial single cells, evidence for an albumin mediated transport across sarcolemma. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 79 159-166(1987). 

Luiken, JJ Turcotte, LP Bonen, A. Protein-mediated palmitate uptake and expression of fatty acid transport proteins in heart giant vesicles. J Lipid Res, 1999 40 1007-16. 

Saguy, I. S., Gremaud, E., Gloria, H., and Turesky, R. J. (1997). Distribution and quantification of oil uptake in french fries utilizing a radiolabeled 14C palmitic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 4286-4289. 

Sobeck, U., Fischer, A., and Biesalski, H. K. (2003). Uptake of vitamin A in buccal mucosal cells after topical application of retinyl palmitate A randomised, placebo-controlled and double-blind trial. Br. J. Nutr. 90, 69-74. 

Phleger, C.F., Patton, J., Grimes, P. and Lee, R.F. (1976). Fish-bone oil percent total body lipid and carbon-14 uptake following feeding of l-14C-palmitic acid. Marine Biology 35,85-89. 

The regulatory mechanism of cellular uptake of fatty acids appears to be limited and so the composition of the intracellular lipids is likely to reflect the availability of the fatty acids in the medium. This was shown for the CC9C10 hybridoma (Butler et al., 1997) and for BHK and CHO cells (Schmid et al., 1991). Thus, cells growing in serum-supplemented cultures are likely to attain a fatty acid composition reflecting that of serum, in which the predominant fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids at a ratio 2 1 3 1, respectively. 

Another approach, artificial hydrophobization of polypeptides with a small number of fatty acid residues (e.g. stearate or palmitate) has been showm to enhance cellular uptake (Kabanov et al., 1989a). Specifically, this technique involves point modification of lysine or N-terminal amino groups with one or two fatty acid residues per protein molecule. As a result of such modification, the protein molecule remains water-soluble but also acquires hydrophobic anchors that can target even very hydrophilic proteins to cell surfaces (Slepnev et al., 1995). To obtain low and controlled degrees of modification, a system of reverse micelles of a surfactant, sodium bis-(2-ethyIhexyl)sulfosucciate (Aerosol OT) in octane was used as a reaction medium (Kabanov et al., 1987) (Figure 47.4). Over a... 

The results of these studies showed significant inhibition of pahnitoylcarnitine-mediate respiration by cephaloridine in vitro, whereas cephaloglycin, which lacks structural homology with carnitine, caused a greater inhibition of the mitochondrial transport and oxidation of bufyrate than cephaloridine. It is possible that the mitochondrial uptake of butyrate was not affected by cephaloridine maybe because the pyridinyl nitrogen hinders its attack on the monocarboxylate receptors. Cephalexin induced only mild in vitro toxicity to the mitochondrial uptake and oxidation of bufyrate and palmitate [67]. 

During the inhibited self-initiated autoxidation of methyl linoleate by a-Toc in solution, Niki and coworkers made the interesting observation that a-Toc acts as an antioxidant at low concentrations, but high concentrations (up to 18.3 mM) actually increased hydroperoxide formation due to a pro-oxidant effect. The pro-oxidant effect of a-Toc was observed earlier by Cillard and coworkers in aqueous micellar systems and they found that the presence of co-antioxidants such as cysteine, BHT, hydroquinone or ascor-byl palmitate inverted the reaction into antioxidant activity, apparently by reduction of a-To" to a-Toc . Liu and coworkers ° found that a mixture of linoleic acid and linoleate hydroperoxides and a-Toc in SDS micelles exhibited oxygen uptake after the addition of a-Toc. The typical ESR spectrum of the a-To" radical was observed from the mixture. They attributed the rapid oxidation to decomposition of linoleate hydroperoxides, resulting in the formation of linoleate oxy radicals which initiated reactions on the lipid in the high concentration of the micellar micro-environment. Niki and coworkers reported pro-oxidant activity of a-Toc when it was added with metal ions, Fe3+25i Qj. jjj (jjg oxidation of phosphatidyl choline liposomes. a-Toc was found... 

Wosilait WD, Soler-ArgUaga C. A theoretical analysis of multiple binding of palmitate by bovine serum albumin the relationship to uptake of free fatty acids by tissues. Life Sci 1975 17 159-166. 

Eriksson P, Nordberg A (1986) The effects of DDT, DDOH-palmitic acid, and a chlorinated paraffin on muscarinic receptors and the sodium-dependent choline uptake in the central nervous system of immature mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85 121-127... 

Then, we attempted to examine the effects of chondroitin sulfate on palmitic acid and 2-monooleoylglycerol uptake into the brush border membrane vesicles of the rat small intestine in vitro. As shown in Fig. (15), chondroitin sulfate inhibited the incorporation of palmitic acid into... 

Emken, E.A. R.O. Adlof W.K. Rohwedder R.M. Gulley. Influence of linoleic acid on desaturation and uptake of deuterium-labeled palmitic and stearic acids in humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 1170, 173-181. 

Sobel et al. have published a series of reports on the use of labeled palmitic acid for metabolic studies using ECT techniques in animals and humans (12,13,14,57 58 59). Robinson et al. (16,17), Machulla et al. (18), and a few other investigators, have demonstrated the use of labeled with for perfusion studies and limited metabolic applications using conventional scintillation camera imaging systems. Myocardial uptake of similar compounds labeled with F and have also been reported (60,61,62). The many attempts... 

Fig. 3 Chemical structure of GRN163L. GRN163L is an N3 -P5 thio-phosphoramidate oligonucleotide complementary to the template of hTR. Three of the 13 nucleotides (5 -palmitate-TAGGGTTAGACAA-NH2-3 ) are shown. Nucleotidic bases (A, C, G, or T) are shown as B. To facilitate cellular uptake, the 5 -end has been modified to carry a 5 -terminal palmitoyl (Cl 6) moiety...

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