Pacific Ocean concentrations

Correlation plots for the North Pacific Ocean concentration data from Figure 11.14 (a) zinc versus nitrate, phosphate, and silica, (b) cadmium versus nitrate, phosphate, and silica, (c) copper versus nitrate, phosphate, and silica, and (d) nickel versus nitrate, phosphate, and silica. 

Deep ocean concentrations increase progressively as the abyssal water flows (ages) from the North Atlantic, through the Indian Ocean to the North Pacific. 

The moles X/moles P in average plankton is given by a, and b is the surface water concentration in phosphorus free water (water stripped of nutrients). In the case of P itself the surface ocean concentration is close to zero, while the deep Pacific has a concentration of 2.5 pM. For N, the N/P ratio of plankton is 16 and the surface water concentration is 0 pM. The predicted deep sea nitrate is 40 pM. The ratio of (deep)/(surface) is greater than 10. For calcium the Ca/P of... 

Nakazawa, T., Murayama, S., Miyashita, K., Aoki, S. and Tanaka, M. (1992). Longitudinally different variations of lower tropospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the North Pacific Ocean, Tellus, Ser. B, 44,161-172. 

Veeh HH, Turekian KK (1968) Cobalt, silver and uranium concentrations of reef building corals in the Pacific Ocean. Limol Oceanogr 13 304-308... 

Average composition of Pacific Ocean nodules (concentrations in wt%) Mineralogical composition of manganese nodules... 

Fig. 2.5 Timeseries of daily phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved organic carbon, detritus, and phosphorus concentration, and photosyntesis over one model year at two location the shelf seas of the Pacific Ocean, 170 E 65 N and 140 E 10 S.

In the northern hemisphere the coefficient of determination of the partial correlation between the pollutant concentration in the dissolved phase and the volatilisation rate excluding wind speed and SST, R2V ut, is very low in comparison to both coefficients that omit the pollutant concentration (Figure 2.27). Hence the apparently high correlation between pollutant concentration and volatilisation rate, shown as yellow to green colour in Figure 2.26 in some areas in the Pacific Ocean is not caused by a causal relation between them, but spurious. Both partial correlation coefficients are much lower there. The differences between values of R, uc andR2v ut (Figure 2.27c)... 

Fig. 3.9 Vertical profiles of DDT concentration [ng/L] in the Pacific ocean close to Japan (A),(B), in the Indian ocean (E), and in the Antarctic ocean (F). Model results in comparison with observations from Tanabe and Tatsukawa (1983).

Soo [96] determined picogram amounts of bismuth in seawater by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The bismuth is reduced in solution by sodium borohydride to bismuthine, stripped with helium gas, and collected in situ in a modified carbon rod atomiser. The collected bismuth is subsequently atomised by increasing the atomiser temperature and detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absolute detection limit is 3pg of bismuth. The precision of the method is 2.2% for 150 pg and 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth found in the Pacific Ocean ranged from < 0.003-0.085 (dissolved) and 0.13-0.2 ng/1 (total). 

The average concentration and standard deviation of the Pacific Ocean waters ( xg/l) were 2.00 0.09 by neutron activation analysis, and 1.86 0.12 by atomic absorption spectrometry. For the Adriatic water the corresponding values were about 1.7 xg/l. The difference between the values for the same seawater is within the range to be expected from the standard deviations observed. 

A comparison was carried out on the results obtained using ICP-AES and AAS for eight elements in coastal Pacific Ocean water. The results for cadmium, lead, copper, iron, zinc, and nickel are in good agreement. For iron, the data obtained by the solvent extraction ICP method are also in good agreement with those determined directly by ICP-AES. In most of the results the relative standard deviations were 4% for all elements except cadmium and lead, which had relative standard deviations of about 20% owing to the low concentrations determined. 

Tsunogai and Nozaki [6] analysed Pacific Oceans surface water by consecutive coprecipitations of polonium with calcium carbonate and bismuth oxychloride after addition of lead and bismuth carriers to acidified seawater samples. After concentration, polonium was spontaneously deposited onto silver planchets. Quantitative recoveries of polonium were assumed at the extraction steps and plating step. Shannon et al. [7], who analysed surface water from the Atlantic Ocean near the tip of South Africa, extracted polonium from acidified samples as the ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex into methyl isobutyl ketone. They also autoplated polonium onto silver counting disks. An average efficiency of 92% was assigned to their procedure after calibration with 210Po-210Pb tracer experiments. 

Honda, K., J.E. Marcovecchio, S. Kan, R. Tatsukawa, and H. Ogi. 1990. Metal concentrations in pelagic seabirds from the north Pacific Ocean. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 704-711. 

Since iron can serve as a model for the behaviour of plutonium it is worth considering the behaviour of iron in the environment. Iron in oceanic water has been shown to exist principally as a non-filterable (0.45 q) form (162). This non-filterable form, in the case of the Atlantic Ocean waters, represented an average concentration of 0.2 jug/1 (163). Similar concentrations have been reported for the Pacific Ocean (164). In coastal waters the iron concentration is very variable (165). 

Nitrate versus phosphate concentrations at 2500 m in the (a) Atlantic, (b) Indian, and (c) Pacific Oceans. Dissolved oxygen versus phosphate concentrations at 2500 m in the (d) Atlantic, (e) Indian, and (f) Pacific Oceans. The slopes of these lines represent the proportions by which these constituent concentrations are altered by the remineralization of POM in the deep sea. These data are replotted from Figure 10.1. Source From Conkright, M. E., et al. (2002). World Ocean Atlas 2001, Volume 4 Nutrients, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 52,... 

In the Pacific Ocean, most of the waters at 2500 m have a prefiormed phosphate concentration intermediate between NADW and AABW. Because preformed phosphate is a conservative tracer, it can be used to estimate the proportions of NADW and AABW present in the deep zones of the ocean basins. The average deep-water preformed phosphate concentration is 1.4 (jlM. This concentration would result from an equal-volume admixture of NADW and AABW. This conservative mixing estimate is based on the assumption that the preformed phosphate concentrations of the end-member water masses have remained constant over time scales at least as long as the mixing time of the ocean. 

Longitudinal cross section of preformed phosphate concentrations ( ji,M) in the (a) Atlantic and (b) Pacific Oceans. Constructed from WOCE-JGOFS data, cruises A20, A17, and PI8. Source. From Ito, T. and M. J. Follows (2005). Journal of Marine Research 63, 813-839. 

The influence of river water inputs on trace metal distributions is illustrated in Figure 11.17c, which shows that the surface-water concentration of dissolved Mn in the Pacific Ocean decreases with increasing distance from the California coast. The vertical profile measured in the coastal zone (Figme 11.17b) exhibits a strong surface enrichment characteristic of scavenged trace elements. A similar vertical gradient is seen in the... 

Upper panels show vertical profiles of manganese in the North Pacific Ocean at (a) an open-ocean station, (b) a coastal station, and (c) the Mn content of surface water with increasing distance from the California coast. Note the tenfold scale difference in concentration between these diagrams. Source From Landing, W. M., and K. W. Bruland (1980). Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 49, 45-56. 

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