Oxygenated intermediates

Acrylates and methacrylates, which are critical to the production of polyesters, plastics, latexes, and synthetic lubricants, can also be produced from these oxygenated intermediates. 

Naqui, A., Chance, B., and Cadenas, E., 1986. Reactive oxygen intermediates in biochemistry. Annual Review of Biochemistry 55 137. 

Ghisla, S., Entsch, H., Massey, V., and Husein, M. (1977). On the structure of flavin-oxygen intermediates involved in enzymic reactions. Eur. J. Biochem. 76 139-148. 

Hearse, D.J., Kusama, Y. and Bernier, M. (1989). Rapid elec-trophysiological changes leading to arrhythmias in the aerobic rat heart. Photosensitization studies with rose bengal-derived reactive oxygen intermediates. Circ. Res. 65, 146-153. 

Matsuura, H. and Shattock, M.J. (1991a). Membrane potential fluctuations and transient inward currents induced by reactive oxygen intermediates in isolated rabbit ventricular cells. Circ. Res. 68, 319-329. 

Schreck, R., Rieber, P. and Baeuerle, P.A. (1991). Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NFxB transcription fector and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10, 2247-2258. 

Arthur, M.J.P. (1988). Reactive oxygen intermediates and liver injury. J. Hepatol. 6, 125-131. 

The effectors of the mammalian host immune attack against filaria include reactive oxygen intermediates. Filarial nematodes express glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin peroxidase and superoxide dismutase at their surface - enzymes believed to protect the nematode from this attack (Selkirk et al., 1998). A bacterial catalase gene has been identified that most probably derives from the endosymbiont genome (Henkle-Duhrsen et al., 1998) this enzyme may contribute with other enzymes to the protection of both Wolbachia and its nematode host from oxygen radicals. 

On the basis of the nature of CO adsorption and of the nature of chain initiator intermediates, popular mechanistic proposals include the carbide mechanism,1-2 wherein CO adsorbs dissociatively and the carbide (C ) is the chain initiator intermediate, and the enolic mechanism,3 involving molecular adsorption of CO and the formation of an oxygen intermediate, the enol (HC OH). 

The systems where this type of reaction is produced may be metal-, heme- or flavin-dependent. In flavin-dependent monooxygenases, a flavin-oxygen intermediate reacts with the substrate, producing water in a second step and requiring cofactors for regeneration of the flavin moiety. The non-heme-dependent oxygenases include the... 

FIGURE 7.8 Production of reactive oxygen intermediates by activated macrophages. Cells isolated from the livers of control (CTL) or toxicant (TOX)-treated mice were incubated with phorbol myristate acetate for 15 minutes at 37°C, followed by the indicator dye, DCFH-DA. After 15 minutes, the cells were analyzed for green fluorescence by flow cytometry on a Coulter Cytomics FC500 flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter). For each analysis, at least 10,000 events were collected and analyzed using CXP software. 

Lawrence, B.P. et al., Role of glutathione and reactive oxygen intermediates in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced immune suppression in C57B1/6 mice, Toxicol. Sci., 52, 50, 1999. 

Wizemann, T.M. and Laskin, D.L. Enhanced phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and production of reactive oxygen intermediates by interstitial lung macrophages following acute endo-toxemia, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 11, 358, 1994. 

Murray, H.W. and Nathan, C.F., Macrophage microbial mechanisms in vivo Reactive nitrogen versus oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular visceral Leishmania donovani, J. Exp. Med., 189, 741, 1999. 

Jabs, T., Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals, Biochem. Pharmacol., 57, 231, 1999. 

Scheme 2. Simplified scheme for oxidative N-dealkylation incorporating a cytochrome P-450 perferryl oxygen intermediate and substrate radicals.

Hiickelhoven R, Kogel KH (2003) Reactive oxygen intermediates in plant-microbe interactions who is who in powdery mildew resistance Planta 216 891-902 Hurtado AQ, Critchley AT, Trespoey A, Bleicher-L Honneur G (2006) Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calagas Is., Camrines Norte, Philippines. J Appl Phycol 18 301-306... 

Wolff DJ, Mialkowski K, Richardson CF, Wilson SR (2001) C -fullerene monomalonate adducts selectively inactivate neuronal nitric oxide synthase by uncoupling the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates from nitric oxide production. Biochemistry 40 37 15. 

---