Lungs interstitial

The extent of the edema should also be quantified according to the area of involvement. Pretibial edema, for example, should be quantified according to how far it extends up the lower leg (e.g., one-third up the lower leg). Pulmonary edema, defined as an increase in lung interstitial and alveolar water, is manifest as end-inspiratory rales, initially localized to the dependent portions of the lungs. 

Highly active surface area causes particles to clump with each other, increasing particle size and settling velocity from the atmosphere, and binding with hpid cell membranes. This effect enhances its potential to remove microbes from the air, and to bind with lung epithehal cells in the lung interstitial space. 

However, surface area is a better metric to predict toxicity to the lung interstitial space (16, 17). Bermudez et al. (14) did not publish a distribution of surface... 

A second comparison can be made if one compares to a still larger aerosol, with a mass median diameter of 20,000nm and a surface area median diameter of 200 to 400 nm (described in Reference 26). In this case, <500 nm would also contain >65% of the surface area available to the lung interstitial space. Since the aerosol in this exposure is only 1440 nm, an even higher percentage of the surface area should be less than 500 nm. Thus, most of the surface area would likely locate in the pulmonary interstitial space. Since TiOa is insoluble, the particles would be expected to persist in that location for some time, and serve as a possible source of irritation, inflammation, and injury. 

Figure 3 (A) and (B) Patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Patchy fihrosis with remodeling of the lung architecture showing a prominent suhpleural distribution consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia. There is a temporal heterogeneity with preserved areas of normal lung. Interstitial inflammation is mild. A, HES 20x. Inset The hronchial lumen is partially obliterated by a focus of loosely organized connective tissue. B, HES lOOx.

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