Oxygen industrial production

Reactions of /l-Butane. The most important industrial reactions of / -butane are vapor-phase oxidation to form maleic anhydride (qv), thermal cracking to produce ethylene (qv), Hquid-phase oxidation to produce acetic acid (qv) and oxygenated by-products, and isomerization to form isobutane. 

Stable oxides, such as those of clrromium, vanadium and titanium cannot be reduced to the metal by carbon and tire production of these metals, which have melting points above 2000 K, would lead to a refractoty solid containing carbon. The co-reduction of the oxides widr iron oxide leads to the formation of lower melting products, the feno-alloys, and tlris process is successfully used in industrial production. Since these metals form such stable oxides and carbides, tire process based on carbon reduction in a blast furnace would appear to be unsatisfactory, unless a product samrated with carbon is acceptable. This could not be decarburized by oxygen blowing without significairt re-oxidation of the refractory metal. 

Nitric acid, a leading industrial chemical, is used in the production of fertilizers and explosives. One step in the industrial production of nitric acid is the reaction of ammonia with molecular oxygen to form nitrogen oxide 4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2 O In a study of this reaction, a chemist mixed 125 g of ammonia with 256 g of oxygen and allowed them to react to completion. What masses of NO and H2O were produced, and what mass of which reactant was left over ... 

Possible solutions to overcome this problem are (1) decrease the residence time the decrease of conversion is more than compensated by an increase of selectivity (due to the lower extent of methacrylic acid combustion), and in overall the productivity increases (2) increase the total pressure, while simultaneously increasing both the oxygen and the isobutane partial pressure, as well as the total gas flow (so as to keep a constant contact time in the reactor). A higher pressure also implies smaller reactor volume, and hence lower investment costs. Under these circumstances, productivity as high as 6.4 mmol/h/gcat was reached, which is acceptable for industrial production. The additional heat required for the recirculation of unconverted isobutane and for increased pressure would be equalized by the higher heat generated by the reaction. 

Primary organics are emitted to the atmosphere by industrial sources (oil refineries, chemical plants, producers and users of solvents and plasticizers), vehicles (as a result of incomplete fuel combustion, oxygenated degradation products of lubricating oil, polymers from tires), and agricultural activities (use of pesticides). An exhaustive literature survey is beyond the scope of this section, but can be found in Air Quaiity Criteria for Particulate Matter many useful references are also available. 

In industrial production of titanium carbide, pure (99.8%, with minor impurities of Si, Fe, S, P, and alkalies) titanium oxide [13463-67-7], Ti02, in the dry or wet state is mixed in 68.5 31.5 ratio with carbon black or finely milled low ash graphite. The dry mixture is pressed into blocks that are heated in a horizontal or vertical carbon-tube furnace at 1900—2300°C hydrogen that is free of oxygen and nitrogen serves as protective gas. In the vertical push-type furnaces, the liberated CO itself provides protection. 

A more recent oxidation of hexafluoropropene (29) with oxygen over silica gel gives epoxide 30 in 79% yield.49 Among oxidations of 29 in solution, a highly selective continuous electrochemical method for the industrial production of 30 has been reported.50 This process is carried out in aqueous acetic acid/nitric acid/hydrogen fluoride on a lead(IV) oxide anode. 

C, 750 mm d=l.0337 1 ) It is a water-miscible colorless liquid at room temperature, with an appreciable vapor pressure (40mm 825.2°C) and a penchant for forming explosive peroxides—a characteristic of oxygen ethers on storage. Its primary use is that of solvent for a large number of industrial products, e.g. cellulose acetate, dyes, fats, greases and waxes paints, lacquers and varnishes, etc. 

The direct catalyzed or uncatalyzed oxidation of alkanes with oxygen is an important reaction in the industrial production of carboxylic acids, hydroperoxides (for production of epoxides from alkenes), alcohols, ketones, or aldehydes [60],... 

The hydrogenation of 2-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroanthraqumone (THEAQ) at the oxygen in the presence of a palladium supported catalyst is a key step in the industrial production of hydrogen peroxide. In industrial plants, the performance of the catalyst slowly decreases because of deactivation. Two types of catalyst poisoning are operative, a reversible one, related to the presence of water, and a permanent one, probably due to the condensation of two or more anthraquinone molecules on the palladium surface. The kinetic data obtained from laboratory runs are used to simulate the performance in industrial plants. 

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