Oxygen industrial

COPISA [CO pressure induced selective adsorption] A process for separating carbon monoxide from the effluent gases from steel mills by a two-stage PSA unit. Developed jointly by Kawasaki Steel Corporation and Osaka Oxygen Industry. In the first stage, carbon dioxide is removed by activated carbon. In the second stage, carbon monoxide is removed by sodium mordenite. 

Area Site 45 D.B. Hawkins(18) Osaka Oxygen Industries... 

As a rule, this method can be applied to the oxidation of any paraffinic or olehnic hydrocarbon, pure or in a mixture, using air, sometimes enriched with oxygen. Industrial plants mainly process paraffins (propane, n-butane and light gasolinei However, considerable development work has been conducted on the conversion of olefins, and more predsely n-butenes, by direct oxidation or indirect oxidation (intermediate formation of acetates). These developments have culminated in plant construction in Western Europe only. 

It was natural that the first efforts to develop uniform testing procedures for the selection of compatible materials should come out of the oxygen industry which has always been concerned about the use of lubricants (or anti-friction compounds, as they prefer to call them) in oxygen systems. The reasons for their concern include (1) the possible use of petroleum lubricants (2) the lack of assurance concerning the quality and uniformity of the available lubricating materials (3) the lack of consumer knowledge about the use and methods of application and (4) the lack of standard test specifications to qualify the suita-... 

Table III. Oxygen Industry Qualifications for Class I Anti-Friction Compounds for Gaseous Oxygen Systems at Pressures from 0-500 psi and at Temperatures up to 250°F [12]...

Devlin H.R., Harris I.J. Mechanism of the oxidation of aqueous phenol with dissolved oxygen. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 23 387-392 (1984). 

Re condensing Oxygen Vapors. In recent years the oxygen industry has greatly expanded to meet the increased demand for this product. Large tanks, each of many thousands of gallons capacity have been built to store liquid oxygen. 

VDF is a colorless gas (m.p. -144°C b.p. -83°C) at room temperature and pressure. It is flammable and can form explosive mixtures with oxygen. Industrially, VDF is produced in three steps starting from acetylene. In the first step, aeetylene is reacted with HF in the presence of a Lewis aeid sueh as BFj.Et O [98] to obtain 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152). In the second step, 1,1-difluoroethane is chlorinated to obtain 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (CFC-142) [99], In the final step, dehydrochlorination of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane yields vinylidene fluoride [100]. 

This justifies all the work undertaken to arrive at fuel denitrification which, as is well known, is difficult and costly. Moreover, technological improvements can bring considerable progress to this field. That is the case with low NO burners developed at IFF. These consist of producing separated flame jets that enable lower combustion temperatures, local oxygen concentrations to be less high and a lowered fuel s nitrogen contribution to NOj. formation. In a well defined industrial installation, the burner said to be of the low NO type can attain a level of 350 mg/Nm, instead of the 600 mg/Nm with a conventional burner. 

Zeolites (section C2.13) are unique because they have regular pores as part of their crystalline stmctures. The pores are so small (about 1 nm in diameter) that zeolites are molecular sieves, allowing small molecules to enter the pores, whereas larger ones are sieved out. The stmctures are built up of linked SiO and AlO tetrahedra that share O ions. The faujasites (zeolite X and zeolite Y) and ZSM-5 are important industrial catalysts. The stmcture of faujasite is represented in figure C2.7.11 and that of ZSM-5 in figure C2.7.12. The points of intersection of the lines represent Si or A1 ions oxygen is present at the centre of each line. This depiction emphasizes the zeolite framework stmcture and shows the presence of the intracrystalline pore stmcture. In the centre of the faujasite stmcture is an open space (supercage) with a diameter of about 1.2 nm. The pore stmcture is three dimensional. 

Industrially, elemental nitrogen is extracted from the air by the fractional distillation of liquid air from which carbon dioxide and water have been removed. The major fractions are nitrogen, b.p. 77 K and oxygen, b.p. 90 K, together with smaller quantities of the noble gases. 

On the industrial scale oxygen is obtained by the fractional distillation of air. A common laboratory method for the preparation of oxygen is by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. H Oj, a reaction catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide ... 

Because the protonation of ozone removes its dipolar nature, the electrophilic chemistry of HOs, a very efficient oxygenating electrophile, has no relevance to conventional ozone chemistry. The superacid-catalyzed reaction of isobutane with ozone giving acetone and methyl alcohol, the aliphatic equivalent of the industrially significant Hock-reaction of cumene, is illustrative. 

Three membered rings that contain oxygen are called epoxides At one time epox ides were named as oxides of alkenes Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide for exam pie are the common names of two industrially important epoxides... 

When applied to the synthesis of ethers the reaction is effective only with primary alcohols Elimination to form alkenes predominates with secondary and tertiary alcohols Diethyl ether is prepared on an industrial scale by heating ethanol with sulfuric acid at 140°C At higher temperatures elimination predominates and ethylene is the major product A mechanism for the formation of diethyl ether is outlined m Figure 15 3 The individual steps of this mechanism are analogous to those seen earlier Nucleophilic attack on a protonated alcohol was encountered m the reaction of primary alcohols with hydrogen halides (Section 4 12) and the nucleophilic properties of alcohols were dis cussed m the context of solvolysis reactions (Section 8 7) Both the first and the last steps are proton transfer reactions between oxygens... 

An important nitrile is acrylonitrile H2C=CHCN It is prepared industrially from propene ammonia and oxygen m the presence of a special catalyst Polymers of acryl omtrile have many applications the most prominent being their use m the preparation of acrylic fibers... 

The most widely used industrial synthesis of phenol is based on isopropylbenzene (cumene) as the starting material and is shown m the third entry of Table 24 3 The eco nomically attractive features of this process are its use of cheap reagents (oxygen and sulfuric acid) and the fact that it yields two high volume industrial chemicals phenol and acetone The mechanism of this novel synthesis forms the basis of Problem 24 29 at the end of this chapter... 

CPRORINE OXYGEN ACIDS AND SALTS - CPROROUS ACID, CPRORITES, AND CPRORINE DIOXIDE] (Vol 5) -antimicrobial activity [INDUSTRIAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS] (Vol 14)... 

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