Oxycodone Opium

Morphine, when extracted from raw opium and treated chemically, yields the semisynthetic narcotics hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, and heroin. Heroin is an illegal narcotic in the United States and is not used in medicine. Synthetic narcotics are those man-made analgesics with properties and actions similar to the natural opioids. Examples of synthetic narcotic analgesics are methadone, levorphanol, remifen-tanil, and meperidine Additional narcotics are listed in the Summary Drug Table Narcotic Analgesics. 

The term opioid refers to any exogenous substance that acts as an agonist at any of several receptors. Opioid antagonists are drugs that bind to a receptor but produce no actions. The poppy plant, Papaver somniferum, from which opium is obtained, is grown in many areas of the world. Morphine constitutes 10% of opium, and codeine can be obtained direcdy from opium. Semisynthetic opioids such as heroin and oxycodone are obtained directly or indirectly from morphine. There are other distinct chemical classes of drugs with opioid actions, including the methadones. 

There are two types of pharmaceutically important derivatives (a) Compounds with a hydroxyl substituent at position 14, such as in oxycodone and the antagonists naloxone and naltrexone, and (b) Diels-Alder adducts such as etorphine and buprenorphine, where the latter compounds are all derived from another opium alkaloid, (—)-thebaine (12) (Scheme 5.10). Because thebaine is a rather scarce alkaloid, several syntheses have been investigated. Quite recently, Australian scientists have been able to modify P. somniferum in such a way that thebaine is now a main alkaloid, so that it is becoming better available [28],... 

Agonists include natural alkaloids of opium (morphine, codeine, and a large blend of natural alkaloids, pantopon, and omnopon), their analogs (hydrocodon and hydromor-phone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone), derivatives of morphinane (levorphanol), and a number of synthetic compounds derivatives of phenylpiperidine (meperidine, promedol), 4-anilidopiperidines (fentanyl, sufentanyl, alfentanil), and derivatives of diphenylheptane (methadone, propoxyphene). 

The most widely used agonists in medical practice are the opium alkaloids morphine and codeine. However, semisynthetic derivatives (hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrycodon, oxycodone), whose use is even preferred in certain cases, and strong, purely synthetic compounds (methadone, meperidin, fentanyl, sufentanyl, and others) have found wide use. 

Opium Diarrhea caused by poisoning until the toxic material is eliminated from the Gl tract use in children (opium tincture only) convulsive states such as those occurring in status epilepticus, tetanus, and strychnine poisoning (Paregor/c only). Oxycodone ... 

The most known narcotics are the opium alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and their derivatives and modified compounds such as nalmorphine, apomorphine, apomopholcodine, dihydrocodeine, hydro-morphone and heroine, also known as diamorphine. Synthetic narcotics share the structural skeleton of morphine and include dextromethorphan, pentazocine, phenazocine meperidine (pethidine), phentanyl, anfentaitil, remifentalin, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, levoproxyphene, dipipanone, dextromoramide, meptazinol and tramadol. Thebaine derivatives are also modified narcotics and include oxycodone, oxymorphone, etorphine, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, naloxone or naltrexone. Narcotics can be semi-synthesized or totally synthesized from the morphine and thebaine model. The compounds serve various purposes in clinical practise. 

CNS dihydrocodeinone and oxycodone/alkal. dihydro- morphine from opium/alkal. 

II High Yes Codeine, morphine, meperidine Same as Schedule 1 (Demerol), opium poppy, opium tincture (Laudanum), granulated opium, powdered opium, raw opium, oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), thebaine... 

Natural opium alkaloids codeine phosphate hydromorphone hydrochloride morphine hydrochloride morphine sulfate oxycodone hydrochloride oxymorphone hydrochloride... 

Codeine, one of the principal alkaloids of opium, has an analgesic efficacy much lower than other opioids, due to an extremely low affinity for opioid receptors. It is approximately one-sixth as potent as morphine. It has a low abuse potential. In contrast to other opioids, with the exception of oxycodone, codeine is relatively more effective when administered orally than parenterally. This is due to methylation at the C3 site on the phenyl ring (Figure 7.3), which may protect it from conjugating enzymes. It is used in the management of mild-to-moderate pain, often in combination with non-opioid analgesics, such as aspirin or paracetamol. It is valuable as an antitussive and for the treatment of diarrhoea. Side effects are uncommon and respiratory depression, even with large doses, is seldom a problem. 

Opium alkaloids and derived phenanthrene alkaloids codeine, morphine, (Avinza, Kadian, MSContin, Roxanol), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), oxymorphone (Numorphan), oxycodone (dihydroxycodeinone, a component of Oxycotin, Oxydose, Oxyfast, Percodan, Percocet, Roxicodone, Tylox)... 

Members of the group of natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic alkaloid compounds prepared from opium are referred to as opioids. This group includes natural compounds usually denoted opiates, such as morphine and codeine, and the synthetic and semi synthetic compounds such as oxycodone, buprenorphine, fentanyl, methadone, and tramadol. The pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs share many common characteristics and are illustrated with the prototypic drug in this class, morphine. 

See also Fentanyl Heroin Meperidine Morphine Opium Oxycodone... 

Oxycodone is derived from thebaine, one of more than 20 components known as alkaloids (including morphine and codeine) found in opium. In addition to being a primary component of oxycodone, thebaine also is a main ingredient of hydrocodone and hydromorphone, two other prescription painkillers. 

Pen yan see Opium Pentobarbital see Barbiturates Pentothal see Barbiturates Pep pills see Amphetamines Percocet see Oxycodone Percodan see Oxycodone Percodan-Demi see Oxycodone Percolone see Oxycodone Peres (or perks) see Oxycodone Permitil see Tranquilizers Perphenazine see Tranquilizers Persian white see Fentanyl Pertussin CS Children s Strength see Dextromethorphan... 

The prototypical opioid is morphine (A.137) (Figure A.39). Isolated in a crude form, called opium, morphine has been recognized as a potent pain killer for thousands of years. Although effective, morphine has a low oral availability (F = 25%). Two common derivatives of morphine include hydrocodone (Vicodin, A.138) and oxycodone (A.139), both of which have oral availabilities of greater than 75%. Oxycodone is often sold in an oral continuous-release form under the trade name of OxyContin. Not all opioids are semisynthetic derivatives of morphine. Dextropropoxyphene (Darvon, A.140) and tramadol (Tramal, A.141) are fully synthetic opioids. Both compounds preserve the pharmacophore of morphine as described in the morphine rule (see Chapter 11). Dextropropoxyphene and tramadol are depicted in Figure A.39 to highlight possible pharmacologically active conformations that resemble morphine. 

Schedule II Amphetamine, Cocaine and Crack, Codeine, Lentanyl, Hydrocodone, Meperidine (Demerol ), Methadone, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Morphine, Opium, Oxycodone (OxyContin , Percocet ), Phencyclidine (PCP)... 

The gold standard of opiate pain relievers is morphine. It was one of the first compounds extracted, isolated, and purified from the opium poppy, and it continues to be one of the most widely used pain relievers today. Morphine and other opiate drugs such as heroin, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone have very similar chemical structures (Figure 3.2). However, other opiates such as fentanyl and meperidine (Demerol) have a slightly different structure (Figure 3.3). 

Chemistry of the Opium Alkaloids, Suppl. No. 103 to Public Health Reports. Washington (1932) K. W. Bentley, The Chemistry of the Morphine Alkaloids (Oxford, 1954)- Oxycodone apparently exists in two tautomeric forms which give the same salts Freund, Speyer, J. Prakt. Chem. 94, 135 (1916). 

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic related to codeine and derived from thebaine, an alkaloid found in opium. Although it has been in clinical use since 1917 (first manufactured in Germany), the use of oxycodone for the treatment of acute and chronic pain has grown remarkably in the past decade. 

Narcotics Narcotic drugs have analgesic effects and tend to depress the CNS and promote sleep. Opiate alkaloids (drugs derived from the opium plant) cue the best-known narcotics and include morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromor-phone, oxycodone, and hydrocodone. 

Morphine has a long history of use and abuse. It was the first so-called vegetable base drug isolated, an event recorded in 1805. Because morphine is basic, an early quantitation method was titration with an add. Morphine is subject to oxidation, so the morphine content of an extract can decrease after harvest. Similar degradation issues arise with the stimulant khat. Codeine, the 3-methyl ether of morphine, whose first extraction was recorded in 1832, is also found in the raw opium extracts. Opiates are used principally for pain relief thebaine is the oddball of the opiate alkaloid family, classified as a stimulant. The primary use of thebaine is as a starting point for the synthesis of oxycodone and other related semisynthetic compounds. Thebaine was also used as a poison. 

Opioids and morphine derivatives Fentanyl, Codeine, Heroin, Morphine, Opium, Methadone, Oxycodone, HCL... 

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