Substituents hydroxylation

Functional class names of alcohols are derived by naming the alkyl group that bears the hydroxyl substituent (—OH) and then adding alcohol as a separate word The chain IS always numbered beginning at the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached... 

Two aldehydes two ketones or one aldehyde and one ketone may be formed Let s recall the classes of carbonyl compounds from Table 4 1 Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen on the carbonyl group ketones have two carbon substituents—alkyl groups for example—on the carbonyl Carboxylic acids have a hydroxyl substituent attached to the carbonyl group... 

A commonplace variation on the general pattern seen m carbohydrate structure is the replacement of one or more of the hydroxyl substituents by some other atom or group In deoxy sugars the hydroxyl group is replaced by hydrogen Two examples of deoxy sugars are 2 deoxy d nbose and l rhamnose... 

Table 3 gives the corresponding physical properties of some commercially important substituted pyridines having halogen, carboxyHc acid, ester, carboxamide, nitrile, carbiaol, aminomethyl, amino, thiol, and hydroxyl substituents. 

Aromatic rings are hydrogenated with a variety of catalysts. However, aromatic alkoxy and hydroxyl substituents are susceptible to hydrogenolysis under most conditions used to saturate the ring. Hydrogenolysis does not occur to any appreciable extent with ruthenium catalysts even though high temperatures and pressures are required. Thus, substituted phenols are... 

The cholestane molecule may have hydroxyl groups substituted at 25 of its 27 carbon atoms (C-10 and C-13 excepted). Each of these carbon atoms is so situated that it renders its hydroxyl substituent(s) sterically and, more subtly, electronically unique with respect to each of the others. If the cholestane skeleton is maintained, each of the possible secondaiy hydroxyls may assume... 

The 12-ketone is generally less reactive than 3-, 6- and 7-ketones but more reactive than the 11-ketone. 12-Ethylene ketals are readily prepared by the usual procedures and the 12-ketone can be selectively ketalized in the presence of a 20-ketone bearing a 17a-hydrogen or 17a-hydroxyl substituent [(81)- (82)]. ° The procedure of choice for this reaction utihzes ethylene glycol and boron trifluoride-ether complex at room temperature. 

Acetonides and other ketonides can also be smoothly prepared from pregnane-16oc,17a-diols with or without a 21-hydroxyl substituent. 

Phenols (Section 24.1) Family of compounds characterized by a hydroxyl substituent on an aromatic ring as in ArOH. Phenol is also the name of the parent compound, CgHjOH. 

It is also hypothesized that formation of 2-benzyl-2-hydroxydihydrobenzofuran-3-ones 6 and 2-arylbenzofuran-3-carboxylic acids 7 are derived from an intramolecular attack of the phenoxide at the P-position. Despite the complex mechanism and multiple products, general trends have emerged through experimental results. If the chalcone lacks a 6 -methoxy group but has a hydroxyl group at the C2 or C4 positions, flavonols are favored. However, if the 6 -methoxy group is present and no hydroxyl substituent is present at C2 or C4 aurones and flavonols are formed. Others have also shown that pH and temperature influence the product distribution. 

The similarity between Figures 4 and 5 is a reflection of the fact that C-2 and C-3 and their hydroxyl substituents and deoxy functions do not trigger the major fragmentations of these molecules upon electron impact. A few minor relative intensity differences can be observed, but they are not of a large enough magnitude or of such a nature as to be useful in distinguishing between the 2- and 3-deoxy isomers. 

Scheme I.—Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis of) -Glycoside (Hydroxyl substituents omitted).

In the weakly acidic preservatives, activity resides primarily in the unionized molecules and they only have significant efficacy at pHs where ionization is low. Thus, benzoic and sorbic acids (pKa = 4.2 and 4.75, respectively) have limited preservative usefulness above pH 5, while the 4(p)-hydroxybenzoate esters with their non-ionizable ester group and poorly ionizable hydroxyl substituent (pKa ca. 8.5) have moderate protective effect even at neutral pH levels. The activity of quaternary ammonium preservatives and chlorhexidine probably resides with their cations and are effective in products of neutral pH. Formulation pH can also directly influence the sensitivity of microorganisms to preservatives (see Chapter 11). 

OH must help subsequent isomerization, because ( )-30 is stable in the presence of 1, even after 2 d at 70°C. To test whether the bulk of the silyl ether protecting group was responsible for this reactivity difference, compound 32 was allowed to isomerize, forming a high yield of (ii)-33 at room temperature. In this case, heating at 70°C for 15 h does seem to lead to traces of what is tentatively identified as 34, but the second isomerization is clearly much slower than the first. Further studies are planned to elucidate the role of a hydroxyl substituent in alkene isomerization... 

Figure 13.10.2 The structure of a beta hydroxy acid, a substituted carboxylic acid in which the hydroxyl substituent is attached to the beta position, i.e., at a carbon atom two positions away from the carboxylic acid functionality.

Pyrimido-fused purines can be prepared by intramolecular cyclization of A -(3-hydroxypropyl)guanines, a reaction similar to that of Equation (202). This cyclization can be achieved either via the mesylate <1997JME3248> or (presumably) by conversion of the hydroxyl substituent to chloro (Equation 204) <2001CPB188, 2002JME3440>. 

The selectivity in the Heck reaction of allylic alcohol 111 is interesting, and the factors that lead to the observed preference for (3-hydride elimination toward nitrogen in this system are unclear, although a combination of steric effects and stereoelectronic factors (i.e., alignment of C-H and C-Pd bonds, nN a c H interactions) is likely involved. Examination of related examples from the literature (Scheme 4.20) reveals no clear trend. Rawal and Michoud examined substrate 115, which lacks the influence of both the amine and hydroxyl substituents and also seems to favor (3-hydride elimination within the six-membered ring over formation of the exocyclic olefin under standard Heck conditions [18a]. However, under... 

Antioxidant activity of flavonoids has already been shown about 40 years ago [90,91]. (Early data on antioxidant flavonoid activity are cited in Ref. [92].) Flavonoids are polyphenols, and therefore, their antioxidant activity depends on the reactivity of hydroxyl substituents in hydrogen atom abstraction reactions. As in the case of vitamins E and C, the most studied (and most important) reactions are the reactions with peroxyl radicals [14], hydroxyl radicals [15], and superoxide [16]. 

FIGURE 29.6 Mechanism of reaction of superoxide with flavonoids having two o-hydroxyl substituents. 

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