Butene oxide

Due to the presence of a terminal double bond in 1-butene, oxidation of this isomer via a chlorohydrination route is similar to that used for propylene. 

Scheme 9. HKR of 4-hydroxy-1-butene oxide with solid phase catalyst.

Similarly Silica-Bound Co(salen) 37 (Scheme 10) [69] was also effectively used in the HKR of styrene oxide (Scheme 11) and 4-hydroxy-1-butene oxide (Scheme 12). The immobilized catalysts were adapted to a continuous flow process for the generation of reaction products in high yield and ee, requiring only very simple techniques for product purification (Scheme 13). 

Lee and coworkers have reported on the use of the highly active and selective cobalt(III) catalyst depicted in Fig. 12 for the terpolymerization of propylene oxide and various epoxides with CO2, including cyclohexene oxide, 1-hexene oxide, and 1-butene oxide [61]. Catalytic activities ranged from 4,400-14,000 h at a CO2... 

BUTYLENE OXIDE 1-Butene Oxide, alpha-Butylene Oxide, 1,2-Epoxybutane Flammable Liquid 2 3 2... 

Synonyms 1-Butene oxide 1,2-butene oxide 1,2-butylene epoxide a-butylene oxide 1-butylene oxide epoxybutane ethyl ethylene oxide 2-ethyloxirane... 

Fig. 13. The activity in 1-butene oxidation, and the selectivity for butadiene of a 250°C calcined iron hydroxide gel (7).

Another interesting monomer for copolymerisation with carbon dioxide is isomeric 2-butene oxide. In copolymerisation in a ternary comonomer system consisting of 2-butene oxide, 1-butene oxide and carbon dioxide with the diethylzinc-water catalyst, m-2-butene oxide was incorporated in the copolymer, while trans-2-butene oxide hardly underwent an enchainment [230]. Thus, the smaller steric hindrance for the r/.v-isomer than for the irans-isomer throughout the coordination copolymerisation with carbon dioxide is to be taken into account. 

The objective of the present study was to analyze the reasons for the deactivation effects observed in solid Wacker-type catalysts for 1-butene oxidation. For this purpose the catalytic behavior and characteristics of Pd-V205 on alumina catalysts, prepared using either a N PdC or a PdS04 salt, were compared with those of alternative catalysts prepared by substituting the V-oxide with Ce02 in order to obtain a better understanding of the role of V-oxide. In addition, the behavior of a Pd-doped V-heteropolyacid also is discussed to further extend the analysis. 

The initial rapid decrease in activity (stage 1) is not caused by deactivation processes but is a result of the reduction of the catalyst under reaction conditions. The reduction of the catalyst follows from the reaction equations, which represent the catalytic cycle during 1-butene oxidation ... 

The selective oxidation of n-butane and 1-butene on vanadium phosphate catalysts prepared via different routes was investigated by Cavani and coworkers [77] Precursors prepared in aqueous medium were found to have greater crystallinity than those prepared in organic solvents (the activity and selectivity of which was the same for 1-butene oxidation). However, for butane activation, the crystalline catalyst was considerably less active than the organically prepared catalyst, which had an XRD pattern showing some disorder in the (100) plane. 

Nevertheless, the factors that affect the electrophilicity of alkyl halides operate here, and lead to synthetically useful levels of selectivity. At one extreme, in the presence of Lewis or protic acid, the epoxide opens towards the side that gives the more stabilised cation, which is usually the more substituted side, leading to regioselectivity appropriate to an S l reaction. At the other extreme, in the absence of Lewis or protic acid, the reaction is S 2 in character, and takes place on the side best able to support an SN2 transition structure, which is usually the less substituted side. A simple example is the opening of 1-butene oxide 4.176 with chloride ion, which gives each of the chlorohydrins as the major product, 4.177 in acidic and 4.178 in neutral conditions.402... 

Butylene Oxide 1-Butene Oxide 1,2-Butylene Oxide Alpha- Butylene Oxide 1,2-Epoxybutane ... 

BUTENE OXIDE (106-88-7) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point -7°F/-22°C). Unless inhibited, violent polymerization can be caused by elevated temperatures, sunlight, acids, aluminum chlorides, bases, iron, tin, potassium, sodium, sodium hydroxide, or certain salts. Reacts violently with oxidizers, alcohols. Reacts with hydroxides, metal chlorides, oxides. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. Storage tanks and other equipment should be absolutely dry and free from air, ammonia, acetylene, hydrogen sulfide, rust, and other contaminants. 

Magnitude of Response vs. That for HC Oxidation and Stoichiometry. The response of the NO-NH3 interaction in the presence of excess oxygen and that of the highly reactive 1-butene oxidation were compared at 390°C at flow rates of 1.0 and 2.3 ft3/hr. On a C vs. N basis, the C/N relative response was 1.27 at 1.0 ft3/hr and 0.90 at 2.2 ft3/hr. Response for HC s less reactive than butenes (e.g. butanes) was much less. The interaction of NO and NH3 in the presence of oxygen apparently releases about the same heat and is more rapid than 1-butene oxidation. Reactions 6 and 7 both qualify in heat effect and ratio of NH3/NO utilized. It seems probable that both reactions are involved. For our purposes, it was not necessary to make the distinction. 

SYNONYMS 1-butene oxide, butylene oxide, ethyl ethylene oxide, 1,2-butene oxide, exthyloxirane. 

Among new initiators for the polymerization of propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, 1-butene oxide, and isobutylene oxide are zinc hexacyanocobaltate [54] and aluminum porphyrin [55]. 

Butene oxide But-1-ene oxide 1,2-Butene oxide n-Butene-1,2-oxide. See 1,2-Epoxybutane... 

Oligomerization of 1-butene oxide was studied for the reaction of a ninefold excess of 1-butene oxide with PSLi over the normal 2 days reaction time at room temperature in benzene. Analysis by both NMR and MALDI-TOF MS showed no evidence for oligomerization. MALDI-TOF MS did show a series of peaks corresponding to nonfunctiona-lized polymer (PS-H) present in the resulting product mixture as expected from the column chromatography results. 

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