Ovipositions

Towns DR (1983) Terrestrial oviposition by two species of caddisfly in South Australia (Trichoptera Leptoceridae). J AustEntomol Soc 22 113-118... 

Scheme 41 summarizes Couladouros s synthesis of the oviposition attractant pheromone of the Southern house mosquito (Culexpipiensfatigans)y (5R,6S)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide (28) [66]. The key-steps are (i) -selective Schlosser olefination (A B), asymmetric dihydroxylation (B C), and lactonization of carbonate C to the desired 6-lactone with inversion at C-5. 

Unlike parasitoids of other insect orders that have host-seeking larvae, most parasitic hymenoptera lay their eggs on, in, or very close to a host individual [11]. This requires the adult female to find a suitable host, often with the aid of chemical cues from host frass, pheromones, plant volatiles emitted upon host feeding or egg-deposition, silk, honeydew and other secretions. She may then chemically mark the host following oviposition to reduce superparasitism by herself or intra- and inter-specific insects [11]. 

Host marking pheromones are important in many species of parasitic hymen-optera, because they ensure that a female parasitoid focuses on non-parasitized hosts. This, in turn, ensures a more effective use of limited host resources. Marking pheromones can be internal (injected into the host at the time of oviposition) or external (applied to the host during inspection and/or ovipo-sition). The internal markers can be detected by sensory hairs on the parasitoid ovipositor [11]. The internal markers often also delay the development of the host. 

Konstantopoulou M A, Krokos F D and Mazomenos B E (2002), Chemical stimuli from corn plants affect host selection and oviposition behavior of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) , J Econ Entomol, 95, 1289-1293. 

The sesquiterpene w-famesene, 51, a primary aroma component which occurs in the skin of apples39 and other fruits40, attractant and oviposition stimulant to Laspeyresia pomonella41 42, has been deuteriated at Cq) and at C(4) (equations 19 and 20), for study of the induction of superficial scald of apples43. 

Experimental studies with southern armyworm larvae and thiocyanate — one of the in vivo cyanide metabolites — showed that 5000 mg thiocyanate/kg diet reduced pupation by 77%, completely inhibited oviposition, and reduced adult emergence by 80% (Brattsten et al. 1983), strongly suggesting that thiocyanate poisoning is the primary effect of high dietary cyanide levels in southern army worms. 

Mediterranean fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata females, acute single exposure of 150-155 Gy Inhibited oviposition 3... 

Mclnnes, D.O. and T.T.Y. Wong. 1990. Mediterranean fruitfly interference of oviposition by radiation-sterilized females in field cages. Entomol. Exper. Appl. 56 125-130. 

This beetle is found on a wide range of foods, but develops best on animal feeds, whole grains, pollen, and various processed food commodities such as egg noodles and wheat germ (Partida and Strong, 1975). Adults are short lived and oviposition peaks after a few days and then declines rapidly. Eggs are laid singly either loosely or in crevices. This species has a larval diapause similar to T. granarium. 

Barrer, P. and Jay, E.G. 1980. Laboratory observations on the ability of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera Phycitidae) to locate, and to oviposit in response to a source of grain odour. 

Campbell, J.F. and Hagstrum, D.W. 2002. Patch exploitation by Tribolium castaneum Movement patterns, distribution, and oviposition. J. Stored Prod. Res. 38, 55-68. 

Cope, J.M. and Fox, C.W. 2003. Oviposition decisions in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera Bruchidae) Effects of seed size on superparasitism. J. Stored Prod. Res. 39, 355-365. 

Cacao beans in storage are spoiled by insects that oviposit on them and in the burlap bags. These insects attack in the larval stage. 

Flower thrips usually make small punctures on the fruit during oviposition. This blemish does not harm the fruit in most cases however, there are many instances where the number of punctures is so great that the fruit is unmarketable. No insecticidal control of this insect has yet been achieved. 

Additional compounds found in the pheromone gland of female cigarette beetles are (2S,3R,l R)-2,3-dihyro-2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-6-(r-methyl-2 -oxo-butyl)-4ff-pyran-4-one 121 (P-serricorone), its (rs)-epimer (a-serricorone), and its reduction product, serricorole, 122 which shows (l/S,2/S)-configuration [245-247]. These compounds showed only weak attractivity [245], however, they obviously act as oviposition deterrents [248,249]. 

In angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, chemical cues from males stimulate and accelerate spawning in the female. Simultaneous chemical and visual cues stimulate oviposition even more, suggesting an additive effect of the two modalities (Chien, 1973). 

Birds that breed in cavities and reuse their nest sites often incorporate green parts of aromatic plants into their nests. Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, prefer certain species of plants to others. House sparrows. Passer domesticus, incorporate neem (margosa) tree, Azadirachta indica, leaves into their nests. Extracts from neem leaves repel arthropods and inhibit oviposition (Sengupta, 1981). The aromatic plants are thought to fulfill an important function by keeping down populations of microbes in the birds nests (Mason and Clark, 1986). 

Angelon, K. A. and Petranka, J. W. (2002). Chemicals of predatory mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) influence selection of oviposition site by Culex mosquitoes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28,797-806. 

Synthesis of (—)-(5i , 6S)-6-acetoxyhexadecanolide, a mosquito oviposition pheromone of Culexpipiens fatigans, was also prepared by asymmetric synthesis. 

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