Oviposition stimulants

The sesquiterpene w-famesene, 51, a primary aroma component which occurs in the skin of apples39 and other fruits40, attractant and oviposition stimulant to Laspeyresia pomonella41 42, has been deuteriated at Cq) and at C(4) (equations 19 and 20), for study of the induction of superficial scald of apples43. 

Oviposition stimulation. Ethanol (95%) extract of the aerial parts was active on black swallowtail butterfly . 

DC 129 Feeny, P., K. Sachdev, L. Rosenberry, and M. Carter. Luteolin-7-0-(6 -0 malonyl) beta-D glucoside and DC140 tranS chlorogenic acid oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly. Phytochemistry 1988 27(11) 3439-3448. 

Positive factors Physical stimuli attractants feeding stimulants oviposition stimulants... 

The host range of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is limited to selected members of the family Solanaceae. In an effort to better understand the chemical basis for the host plant selection process, we have undertaken an examination of both hornworm preferred and non-preferred members of the Solanaceae. Our investigations have shown this tc be a complex system involving the subtle interaction between such behavioral modulators as (1) Ovipositional stimulants (2) Feeding stimulants and imprinters (3) Anti-feedants (A) Repel-lants (5) Insecticides. The results of these investigations will be discussed. 

Although the ovipositional stimulant and the phagostlmulant are necessary to illicit their respective responses, they may not be sufficient to account for host-plant selection. In the case of Nicandra physaloldes, a member of the Solanaceae not preferred as a host plant by M. sexta, we have shown that aqueous extracts... 

Many sesquiterpenes which are not highly oxygenated are also found in essential oils. Several of these are reported to possess activity. a-Farnesene from apples is an attractant and oviposition stimulant for the codling moth ( ) and farnesol has been demonstrated to be an active feeding deterrent to gypsy moth larvae (Lymontria dispar) (69). 

Behavioral, sensory, and phytochemical bases for egg-laying by moths and butterflies have previously been fully reviewed.2 3 Subsequently a number of newly identified plant chemicals serving as oviposition stimulants or deterrents have been reported for many lepidopterans and other insects. 

Figure 1 Oviposition stimulants for Idea leuconoe (danaine butterfly upper) and Tyria jacobaeae (arctiid moth lower) feeding on pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants.

Figure 2 Oviposition stimulants for Ideopsis similis from Tylophora tanakae.

Figure 3 Oviposition stimulants for Parantica sita from Marsdenia tomentosa.

Figure 4 Oviposition stimulants for crucifer pests, Plutella xylostella (upper) and Hellula undalis (lower).

Figure 5 Oviposition stimulants for the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) and the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor).

O-Methyl cedrusin-4 -0-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Figure 7 Oviposition stimulants for Monochamus alternatus contained in Pinus densiflora. 

Ga protein-GMP-PNP binding (5-LOX) [AI, feeding attractant, feeding deterrent, ovipositing stimulant, antiviral, antibacterial]... 

Dihydroapigenin 7-0- (fern) (Adiantaceae), Origanum oviposition stimulant]... 

Rutaceae), Viola tricobr ovipositing stimulant, antiviral,... 

AR (rat lens) (2 0.1 -1) [antibacterial, antitumour, antiviral, oviposition stimulant]... 

Insect preferences for certain types of food can be considered from a chemical ecological point of view as follows presence of attractant, fixing factor oviposition-stimulant, and feeding stimulant absence of repellent, oviposition deterrent, feeding deterrent, nutritional defect, and growth-deterrent. Conversely, the opposite is true for certain food types undisturbed by insects. 

Examples of the control of oviposition behavior with chemicals have been demonstrated in this laboratory with an oviposition stimulant for C. chlnensls and C. maculatus and an oviposition regulator. 

Oviposition stimulant from bean seed coat. Oviposition on kidney, cowpea and azuki beans by C. chlnensls and maculatus is stimulated by at least two factors. This was shown using glass beads of different sizes treated with the extract of the bean seed coats as the oviposition substrate. C. maculatus oviposited only when a chemical stimulant was provided, whereas C. chlnensls required adequate physical stimuli such as size, and the chemical stimulant played only a secondary role. Isolation of the chemical (5) is in progress. Such an oviposition stimulant with a suitable substrate could modify the oviposition behavior of these pest insects. 

In contrast, mono- and oligophagous species often select their host plants with respect to the composition of the nutrients and secondary metabolites present. For these specialists the originally noxious defense compounds are often attractive feeding and oviposition stimulants. These insects either tolerate the natural products or, more often, actively sequester and exploit them for their own defense against predators or for other purposes 1,4,10-12,14-17,28,31,33,494-496). These observations seem to contradict the first statement, that secondary metabolites are primarily defense compounds, and a number of renowned authors have fallen into this logical pit, such as Mothes 35) and Robinson 505). However, these specialized insects are exceptions to the general rule. For these specialists, the defense chemistry of the host plant is usually not toxic, but they are susceptible to the toxicity of natural toxins from non-host plants 32). As compared to the enormous number of potential herbivores, the number of adapted monophagous species is usually very small for a particular plant species. 

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