Overview polystyrene

Fig. 9.25 S urface topography of grafted polystyrene brushes layer after soxh-let extraction as probed by SPM. a) Typical scan (10x10) p,m with detailed scans as marked in the overview along with the dept profile analysis along the indicated lines (Reprinted with permission from [194] R. Jordan, A. Ul-man, j.F. Kang, etaL,J, Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1016-1022. Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society.

J. Scheirs, "Historical overview of styrene polymers," in J. Scheirs and D. Priddy, eds., Modem styrenic polymers Polystyrenes and styrenic copolymers, Wiley Series in Polymer Science, chapter 1, pp. 3-24. John Wiley, Chichester, 2003. 

H.G. Pohlemann and A. Echte, "Fifty years of polystyrene," in G.A. Stahl, ed., Polymer Science Overview A Tribute to Herman F. Mark, Vol. 175 of TICS Symposium Series, chapter 18, pp. 265-287. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., December 1981. 

MABS polymers (methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) together with blends composed of polyphenylene ether and impact-resistant polystyrene (PPE/PS-I) also form part of the styrenic copolymer product range. Figure 2.1 provides an overview of the different classes of products and trade names. A characteristic property is their amorphous nature, i.e. high dimensional stability and largely constant mechanical properties to just below the glass transition temperature, Tg. 

The Dow Chemical Company first entered the loose-fill packaging market in 1962 with a material that resembled spaghetti strands. Eventually the shape evolved to the S shape that characterized the product from the early 1970s to the present. Other competitors in the polystyrene foam loose-fill market include Flo-Pak, manufactured by Free-Flow Packaging, Inter-Pac, manufactured by Inter-Pac, WingPac and C-Pac, manufactured by Rapac, and Alta-Pak, manufactured by Storopack. In 1993, Dow sold the trademark rights to the S shape and Pelaspan-Pac to Storopack. The information about foamed polystyrene loose-fill that follows is an overview specific to materials that are formed in hard resin strands, cut to length, boxed and shipped to and later expanded for customer use at a convertor (expander) location. 

This book provides the reader with comprehensive information about polystyrene, and a historical overview of its development, as well as reviews describing the latest new technological developments. 

Fig. 4.15. (a) Polystyrene particles of diameters 530, 107, and 41 nm imaged with the same magnification, and with the same coverage, 0.24. Small Si particles are seen in-between the 530-nm polystyrene particles, (b) Overview of particle sizes and surface coverages. All data points represent well-controlled particle films with separated particles and short-range order (note the logarithmic scale). The large error bars on the smallest particle sizes are a function of the polydispersity (from [89])... 

For such an experiment to work, we have to be able to distinguish the different domains during the evolution and the detection period of the two-dimensional experiment. Since proton spectral resolution in typical solids is very poor, we have to use homonuclear dipolar-decoupling methods to narrow the lines sufficiently to obtain spectral resolution. The 2D spin-diffusion CRAMPS spectrum was first recorded by Caravatti et al. [68] for blends of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl methyl-ether (PVME). There are other methods to generate an initial nonequilibrium polarization based on differences in linewidth or relaxation times. The reader is referred to the excellent book of Schmidt-Rohr and Spiess [67] for an overview. 

The combustion of plastics is a complex process and only a brief overview is given here. A detailed description with data relevant to the combustion processes of common plastics may be found in specialist literature (Beyler and Hirschler, 2002). The plastics in collections which are infamous for their behaviour on combustion are cellulose nitrate and polystyrene. Cellulose nitrate is highly flammable, particularly when new and in the early stages of degradation, and burns explosively producing sparks (Figure 4.4). Polystyrene... 

The discussion above has laid out the general principles of polymer chain fragmentation as derived from TOF-SIMS studies, and presented two important, illustrative examples polystyrenes and acrylics. The present section will deal with studies of other polymer systems, in less detail, to provide an overview of other systems that have been studied. Specifically, nylons, polyesters, and poly(dimethyl siloxanes) will be considered. In addition, polyesters will... 

In order to control protein adsorption, to enhance it in some cases and prevent it in others, it is necessary to understand the various stages involved in the process. The interaction of protein molecules with polystyrene (PS) latex particles having a well-defined surface has proved to be a very useful model system with which to study the interfacial behavior of proteins. Other colloidal systems, including silica and metal particles, have also been used in these investigations, and although this review concentrates mainly on interactions between proteins and latex particles, other systems are also mentioned where appropriate. Before looking at the interactions of proteins with PS latex particles in detail, it is worthwhile to take a brief overview of the two major components in the system. 

This overview of applications for benzene shows that the three most important products from benzene are used in the manufacture of plastics in the form of polystyrene, phenolic resins and polyamide fibers. Other uses for benzene, of lesser importance in terms of quantity but still extremely versatile, are halogen and nitrogen derivatives for the chemistry of dyestuffs, production of plant protection agents and additives for rubber and plastics processing, as well as for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. 

Figure 32 Electrically tunable energy transfer from a single semiconductor nanorod to a dye molecule. High-resolution (a) and overview (b) transmission electron micrographs showing the structure of the CdSe/CdS nanocrystals used, (c) For a specific set of a single nanocrystal and a single dye molecule no energy transfer occurs because of the lack of spectral overlap between nanocrystal emission and dye absorption, (d) After application of an electric field, the nanocrystal s PL is red shifted, resulting in the resonance of the nanocrystal and dye transitions. This leads to energy transfer to the dye and subsequent emission, (e) Absorption (dashed lines) and PL (solid lines) spectra of nanocrystals (blue lines) and dye (red lines). Absorption spectra were measured in chloroform solution at room temperature, whereas emission spectra in polystyrene/dye blends at 50 K. Note the considerable spectral overlap of nanocrystal emission with dye absorption. The inset shows the solution absorption and PL of the nanocrystal excitonic feature. (Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd from Ref. 72.)...

The first section of the book deals with the thermal stability of layered silicates and polymer nanocomposites. Chapter 1 provides an overview of layered silicates as fillers, organic surface modification of such layered silicates, and thermal stability considerations in relation to the surface modification molecules ionically exchanged on the filler surface. Chapter 2 provides in-depth information on the mechanisms of thermal degradation of layered silicates modified with ammonium and other thermally stable filler surface modifications. Chapter 3 provides the example of generating thermally stable polystyrene... 

Plastics that are most often used as food packaging materials include polyolefines, polyesteres, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyli-dene chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, various resins and so on. For example, the world plastic demand in 2011 was dominated by polyethylene, including low density polyethylene (PE-LD), linear low density polyethylene (PE-LLD, 17%) and high density polyethylene (PE-HD, 12%), polypropylene (PP, 19%), polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 11%), polystyrene solid (PS) and expandable (PS-E, 7.5%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 6.5%), polyurethane (PUR, 7%) and other plastic types (20%). An overview of the main types of polymeric packaging materials is given in Table 12.73. 

The purpose of providing a brief overview on recent reviews of nanocomposite materials that discuss synthesis, structure properties, and applications is to bring to the reader s attention the nascence of this field and justify the rare availability of degradation studies of these materials when we have only recently embarked on our journey to understanding the fundamentals about them. Nevertheless, a few examples of degradation studies of nanocomposite materials are provided with the hope of advances towards mechanistic aspects of degradation with nanomaterials components. Chrisaffis et al [56, 57] report studies on the decomposition mechanisms of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) nanocomposites with two different types of nano fillers multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanodiamonds (NDs). sPS is a semicrystalline polymer considered to be a... 

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