Overview and definitions

Although the complexities involved in the interrelationships of various metabolic pathways within the intact cell have made it difficult to evaluate the role of 

The mitochondrial translocators which have been most carefully assessed with respect to their role in control of metabolism are (1) the adenine nucleotide translocator with respect to its role in the control of respiration (2) the liver pyruvate transporter and the control of gluconeogenesis and (3) kidney glutamate and glutamine transport and their control of ammoniagenesis. 

The mechanism of control of mitochondrial respiration remains an important question of mitochondrial bioenergetics. It was initially proposed by Chance and Williams [220] that respiration is kinetically controlled by ADP availability, an hypothesis which has received renewed support by the studies of Jacobus et al. [221]. However, the major controversy has centered on whether or not the adenine nucleotide translocator is rate limiting, or even rate controlling, for respiration. As a consequence of this controversy, two hypotheses have emerged over the past several years, one of which has been recently modified. Wilson and Ericinska [222] have proposed a near-equilibrium hypothesis , whereas others have advocated variations of a translocase hypothesis in which the adenine nucleotide translocator is either rate limiting or rate controlling for respiration. 

The near-equilibrium h fpothesis has been championed by the studies of Wilson and co-workers. Erecinska et al. [224] have shown that respiration coupled to ATP synthesis is proportional to the inorganic phosphate (Pj) concentration as well as the ADP/ATP ratio. According to the near-equilibrium theory of control, respiration should respond to changes in the extramitochondrial phosphorylation potential as a whole and not to alterations in the concentrations of individual reactants, such as ATP/ADP ratios. Furthermore, at a constant NAD /NADH ratio, respiration should respond to the phosphorylation potential and, if this latter term remains constant, respiration also should remain constant. 

Interpretation of the validity of the near-equilibrium concept is dependent on the accuracy of intramitochondrial free NAD/NADH measurements and the difference between extra- and intramitochondrial phosphorylation potentials. In a series of studies, Wilson and associates [40,41,225,226] have presented evidence in support of their hypothesis. Utilizing rat liver mitochondria, Forman and Wilson [225] compared the mass action ratios to calculated equilibrium constants under conditions promoting either forward (net ATP synthesis) or reversed (net ATP hydrolysis) electron transport. Since the mass action ratios calculated under various conditions were similar to the calculated K, these findings were said to support a near-equi- 

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In this chapter we review the current literature available on the influence of root exudates on rhizosphere microbial populations and the effects of plant, microbial and soil factors on the processes of rhizodeposition and microbial colonization and activity. We first give a brief overview and definitions of some of the main concepts relating to the rhizosphere and rhizodeposition. 

V. J. Stella, Prodrugs An overview and definition, in Prodrugs in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (T. Higuchi and V. Stella, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1975, p. 1. 

Stella, V. Pro-drugs an overview and definition. In Pro-drugs as a Novel Drug Delivery System (Higuchi, T., Stella, V., Eds), Vol. 14. American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1975, pp. 1—115. 

Statistics for Forensic and Analytical Chemistry 17 2.2.1 Overview and Definitions 17... 

An overview of important terms and definitions useful in assessing the potentially harmful effects of air pollutants, and... 

Paulson, David J., "An Overview of and Definitions for Membrane Fouling," Osmonics, Inc. Presented at 5th Annual Membrane Technology/Planning Conference, October 1987, Cambridge, MA. 

Overview of Definitions from ISO 9004 Quality Management and Quality Systems Elements—... 

This section is an overview of the requirements and definitions for landfill covers. Additional details are available in Refs. 8-13. 

In this chapter, we focus on the use of lanthanides as spin-based hardware for QC. The remainder of this introductory section provides some essential concepts and definitions and then it succinctly describes some of the existing proposals for QC. The second section provides a brief overview of results obtained with spin-based systems other than lanthanides. The following two sections review experiments made on qubits and quantum gates, respectively, based on lanthanides, highlighting their specific properties and advantages for QC applications. 

The "P" has been replaced with "BSL" or Biosafety Level. There are four biosafety levels which are defined according to a combination of facility design, laboratory practices and techniques, equipment and health and safety controls. It is not practical to try to completely describe all of the features and definitions pertaining to biocontainment laboratories in a chapter dedicated to an overview of design. Therefore, we will concentrate on the elements of building design for "maximum containment" or BSL-4 facilities. 

An Overview on Definitions, Features, Properties, and Functions of Humic... 

At the beginning, the book includes definitions, technical overview and economic evaluation of conventional fossil fuel and Renewable Energy-based autonomous power systems, which are currently in operation all over the world. The most common autonomous power systems configurations are being described and all technical, financial and environmental problems associated with such systems are also presented. 

A working understanding of statistics is essential for the analysis of experiments conducted in the frequency domain, such as impedamce spectroscopy. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of concepts and definitions used in statistics at a level sufficient to understand the interpretation of frequency domain data. 

Most people agree that prevention efforts should—indeed must—be an important component of any comprehensive approach to treating substance abuse. In this chapter we first provide an overview of definitions of prevention. The major models of prevention and their implications are then di.scus.sed. We also provide examples of several types of prevention projects and their outcomes. The chapter closes with some comments on the prospects for future work in prevention. 

Membrane-based reactive separation (otherwise also known as membrane reactor) processes, which constitute the subject matter of this book, are a special class of the broader field of membrane-based separation processes. In this introduction we will first provide a general and recent overview on membranes and membrane-based separation processes. The goal is to familiarize those of our readers, who are novice in the membrane field, with some of the basic concepts and definitions. A more complete description on this topic, including various aspects of membrane synthesis can be obtained from a number of comprehensive books and reviews that have already been published in this area [1.1, 1.2, 1.3,... 

A BioAssay summary displays descriptive information and a summary of fhe assay resulfs. This includes an overview and background of what the assay attempts to achieve, the assay protocol utilized, references, definition of all reported assay outcomes, indication of the primary result fields, and explanation of the criteria used when considering samples as active or inactive. One can use the Related BioAssay, Depositor" link to find additional screening performed for a particular assay project. An example bioassay summary is depicted in Figure 12.5. 

The derivation of the error variance requires some theory from different fields. For the convenience of the reader a very short overview will be given, including some basic principles and definitions of the required theory. Another reason to give some textbook theory is that the definition of several quantities can differ literature is not very consistent in that respect. A detailed description of signal theory, system theory, stochastic processes and of course mathematics can be found in several textbooks (1-5). 

The tortuosity describes the ratio of the (average) incremental distance that an ion/molecule must travel to cover the direct distance in the direction of diffusion (Berner, 1980) and is thus the factor, which describes the increase in travel distance in the porous medium. Since the definitions of tortuosity in literature indicate small however substantial differences (an excellent overview of different procedures, equations and definitions is given by Boudreau (1997)), the definition used here is described briefly. The diffusion coefficient is corrected by the squared tortuosity. The square of the tortuosity is called tortuosity factor (Carman, 1937). This factor represents the... 

The CRM Policy, terms of reference and definitions Process overview Risk acceptability criteria... 

OVERVIEW AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Definitions, Classifications, History, Properties... 

This article serves as an overview covering definition, historical development, basic principles, and advantages... 

Table A2-1 of this section identifies the USIs, and Medium- and High-priority GSIs which are technically relevant to the System 80+ Standard Design, consistent with 10 CFR Part 52.47. The process for identification of these issues is provided in the Overview and in Section 1.0 of this appendix, along with a definition of the "Issue Types" indicated within the list given in this section.

Limit of detection (LOD). A brief description of the limit of detection is given, e.g., by the lUPAC in a statistical overview and results in the following general definition The limit of detection, expressed as a concentration or... 

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