Overall organic parameters

1 TOC/DOC (Total Organic Carbon/Dissolved Organic Carbon) 

Parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (e.g. BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) cannot simply be converted into a figure for the total content of organic matter. For this reason, additional overall parameters have been introduced to establish the total content of organically bound 

These methods can be used principally to measure concentrations in the range up to 10 mg/1 and they produce a clear demarcation particularly in 

In order to determine TOC/DOC, the organic substances contained in the water sample are oxidized with UV rays or by wet-chemical means, or burnt 

A constant check on the accuracy of the TOC/DOC analysis is kept by taking measurements of potassium hydrogen phthalate (PHP) which can be used both 

---

Constant diffusivity (D ) and the solid-liquid mass-transfer coefficient are assumed for QX and QY. The model equations are nondimensionalized in terms of the Thiele parameter (f>, Biot number for mass transfer Bi, and nondi-mensional time and distance. An important conclusion from the subsequent analysis of the model simulations is the importance of the solid phase on the conversion of the organic substrate in the organic phase. Results of their simulation are shown in Figure 11. It can be noticed that at low (f>, corresponding to low diffusional limitations, the overall organic reagent conversion is lower than at higher values o <. This result is the exact opposite of what is observed in analysis of... 

The overall design parameters of tihe SMART is shown in Table 1. SMART is expected to fully satisfy the Korean as well as the international safety and licoising requirements. The program for the SMART and its q>plication stem development is being carried out jointly by KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute), and several nuclear organizations and universities in Korea. 

It should be recognized that the total volume of wastewater as well as the chemical analyses iadicating the organic and inorganic components are requited, backed by statistical validity, before the conceptualizing of the overall treatment plant design can begia. The basic parameters ia wastewater characterization are summarized ia Table 2. 

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

Ultrasound can thus be used to enhance kinetics, flow, and mass and heat transfer. The overall results are that organic synthetic reactions show increased rate (sometimes even from hours to minutes, up to 25 times faster), and/or increased yield (tens of percentages, sometimes even starting from 0% yield in nonsonicated conditions). In multiphase systems, gas-liquid and solid-liquid mass transfer has been observed to increase by 5- and 20-fold, respectively [35]. Membrane fluxes have been enhanced by up to a factor of 8 [56]. Despite these results, use of acoustics, and ultrasound in particular, in chemical industry is mainly limited to the fields of cleaning and decontamination [55]. One of the main barriers to industrial application of sonochemical processes is control and scale-up of ultrasound concepts into operable processes. Therefore, a better understanding is required of the relation between a cavitation coUapse and chemical reactivity, as weU as a better understanding and reproducibility of the influence of various design and operational parameters on the cavitation process. Also, rehable mathematical models and scale-up procedures need to be developed [35, 54, 55]. 

Section 3 deals with reactions in which at least one of the reactants is an inorganic compound. Many of the processes considered also involve organic compounds, but autocatalytic oxidations and flames, polymerisation and reactions of metals themselves and of certain unstable ionic species, e.g. the solvated electron, are discussed in later sections. Where appropriate, the effects of low and high energy radiation are considered, as are gas and condensed phase systems but not fully heterogeneous processes or solid reactions. Rate parameters of individual elementary steps, as well as of overall reactions, are given if available. 

The first of these environmentally-important parameters can be expressed as a partition coefficient. In aqueous solution many, but not all pesticide compounds exhibit strong affinity for soil organic matter or concentrate in the lipid phase of soil organisms. Some, notably the cationic group, also exhibit marked affinity for clay or other mineral surfaces. An overall partition (or distribution) coefficient (kD) can be defined ... 

---