Organic Synthetic Reactions

According to the empirical rules, the initial electron transfer from a metal to a substrate should be sonication sensitive. Indeed, most of the applications of sonochemistry in organometallic syntheses agree with this assumption. In the following, a classification related to the substrate to which the electron is transferred was chosen. 

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RTIX2 derivatives are covalent compounds, generally soluble in organic solvents. The aryl and vinyl derivatives are more stable than the corresponding alkyl compounds. This type of compound has been postulated to be an intermediate in many organic synthetic reactions involving thaUium(III) species. 

Ultrasound can thus be used to enhance kinetics, flow, and mass and heat transfer. The overall results are that organic synthetic reactions show increased rate (sometimes even from hours to minutes, up to 25 times faster), and/or increased yield (tens of percentages, sometimes even starting from 0% yield in nonsonicated conditions). In multiphase systems, gas-liquid and solid-liquid mass transfer has been observed to increase by 5- and 20-fold, respectively [35]. Membrane fluxes have been enhanced by up to a factor of 8 [56]. Despite these results, use of acoustics, and ultrasound in particular, in chemical industry is mainly limited to the fields of cleaning and decontamination [55]. One of the main barriers to industrial application of sonochemical processes is control and scale-up of ultrasound concepts into operable processes. Therefore, a better understanding is required of the relation between a cavitation coUapse and chemical reactivity, as weU as a better understanding and reproducibility of the influence of various design and operational parameters on the cavitation process. Also, rehable mathematical models and scale-up procedures need to be developed [35, 54, 55]. 

The reactor is equipped with magnetic stirrer, microwave power and temperature control by computer and can operate under pressure. Even though it was developed for homogeneous organic synthetic reactions, it can be used also for heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the liquid phase. 

Chromyl chloride is used in many organic synthetic reactions including oxidation and chlorination. It also is used as a catalyst in olefin polymerization in the preparation of chromium complexes and as a solvent for chromic anhydride. 

Hydroxylamine is used as a reducing agent in many inorganic and organic synthetic reactions. Other applications of this compound include purification of aldehydes and ketones dehairing of hides as an antioxidant for fatty acids to stabilize lower oxidation states of metal ions for analysis and in photography. 

Lithium amide is used in synthesis of histamine and analgesic drugs. The compound also is used in many organic synthetic reactions including alkylation of ketones and nitriles, Claisen condensation, and in synthesis of antioxidants and acetylenic compounds. 

Sodium amide is a dehydrating agent. It is used in preparing sodium cyanide and hydrazine, and in many organic synthetic reactions such as Claisen condensations, alkylations of ketones and nitriles, and in ammonoly-sis reactions. 

Zeolites are aluminosilicate crystallines consisting of pores of molecular dimensions, interconnected by small windows(5-8A diameter). Strict regularity of the pore structure enables higher slectivities to be achieved in both catalysis and sorption processes. The intrazeolite circumstances alike a "solid-solvent" accomodate the selected reactant molecules and promote some inorganic and organic synthetic reactions, similarly in solution. 

Shoko Yamazaki was born in Osaka, Japan. She studied chemistry at Osaka University and received her Ph.D. in 1986 under the supervision of Prof. Ichiro Murata. From 1985, she was an assistant lecturer at Nara University of Education. She joined the group of Professor Barry M. Trost as a visiting researcher at Stanford University (USA) in 1987-88. She became an assistant professor at Nara University of Education in 1989 and since 2003, a full professor of Nara University of Education. Her current main research interests are the development of new organic synthetic reactions. 

Derivatization procedures follow the rules for the performance of organic synthetic reactions on the micro-scale. Some special requirements associated with the type of application led to some peculiarities in the performance of the reactions and to the develop-... 

Carlson, R. and Lundstedt, T. Scope of Organic Synthetic Reactions. Multivariate Methods for Exploring the Reaction Space. An example by the Willgerodt-Kindler Reaction. Acta Chem. Scand., 1987, B41, 164-173. 

Palladium forms a more extensive series of 7r-allyl complexes than any other transition metal. In many cases these molecules are thermally stable, air-stable crystalline sohds. In addition to stoichiometric 7r-allyl compounds, many palladium 7r-allyls are prepared under catalytic conditions as intermediates in palladium-catalyzed organic synthetic reactions. 

In organic synthetic reactions the scope and applications of organosuifur and organoseienium chemistry have increased tremendously. As explained... 

With the diversity and reliability of organic synthetic reactions using metal as catalysts increasing greatly over the last few decades[20], the removal of active metal... 

W. F. Stansbury, Development of experimental designs for organic synthetic reactions, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 36, 199-206 (1997). 

It is used in a number of organic synthetic reactions and in the manufacture of many types of products, including aluminum soaps, paints, and waterproofing finishes. 

Triethylsilane is used as a redncing agent in many organic synthetic reactions. 

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