Shock models

This chapter is a brief diseussion of large deformation wave codes for multiple material problems and their applications. There are numerous other reviews that should be studied [7], [8]. There are reviews on transient dynamics codes for modeling gas flow over an airfoil, incompressible flow, electromagnetism, shock modeling in a single fluid, and other types of transient problems not addressed in this chapter. 

Keller, C.E., Utility of Shock Models for Underground Nuclear Tests, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter—1983 (edited by Asay, J.R., Graham, R.A., and Straub, G.K.), North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 485-487. 

Even in J-type shock models, it is not appropriate to use thermal rate coefficients because the internal degrees of freedom will cool rapidly (via radiation) in the low density medium, whereas the translational degree of freedom will cool much more slowly. Appropriate rate coefficients are then those in which only translation is strongly excited such rate coefficients can be considerably lower than thermal rates for systems in which vibrational energy is the most efficient at inducing reaction. 

The above reasoning has led to the fireball internal-external shocks model. This model is rather independent of the nature of the central engine. The latter one is just required to produce highly relativistic outflow, either in the form of kinetic energy or as Poynting flux. The radiation is produced in (collisionless) shocks. These can either occur due to interaction of the outflow with the cir-cumstellar material ( external shocks ) or due to interactions of different portions of the outflow with different Lorentz-factors, so-called internal shocks . 

Sensitivity of EGFR Mutants to TKIs The Oncogenic Shock Model... 

Fig. 3. The oncogenic shock model. Tumor cells exhibit an equilibrium between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic signals, such that pro-survival predominates. Upon disruption of the oncogenic driving-force, the pro-survival signals dissipate at a more rapid rate than the pro-apoptotic signals, such that there is a period during which pro-apoptotis predominates. Thus, tumor cells undergo tumor cell death.

Devoisselle JM, Begu S, Toume-Peteilh C, Desmettre T, Mordon S. In vivo behavior of long-circulating liposomes in blood vessels in hamster inflammation and septic shock models use of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Luminescence 2001, 16, 73-78. 

In animal models of acute renal failure induced in rats by bilateral nephrectomy and bilateral ureteral ligation, TAC increased, probably due to the accumulation of urate and uremic toxins with scavenging capacity, such as hyppurate (B19, S9). TAC of blood plasma was reduced in a rat endotoxic shock model (rats given i.p. 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide) (Cl6). 

Carbonell, L. F., Nadal, J. A., Llanos, M. C., Hernandez, I., Nava, E., and Diaz, J., Depletion of liver glutathione potentiates the oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide synthesis in a rat endotoxin shock model. Crit. Care Med. 28, 2002—2006 (2000). 

TFPI, when administered to rabbits, has been shown to have an antithrombotic effect when thromboplastin was used as a thrombogenic challenge (I 10). TFPI was also shown to be an effective inhibitor when thrombosis was induced in rabbit jugular veins by endothelial destruction and restricted blood flow. The antithrombotic and antiprotease actions of TFPI have been tested in several other animal models. Warn-Cramer et al. investigated the effect of immunodepletion of TFPI in factor Vila and Xa induced coagulation in rabbits (III). These rabbits were observed to be sensitized to the procoagulant effects of factor Vila, but not factor Xa in the absence of factor Vila. Two studies have indicated that TFPI administration reduces the lethal effects of . coli administration in a septic shock model in baboons (I 12). These studies also indicated that TFPI may have an anti-inflammatory effect, as an attenuation of the IL-6 response was also observed. Administration of TFPI has been observed to prevent... 

Poulsen, O.M., Hau, J., and Kollerup, J. 1987. Effect of homogenization and pasteurization on the allergenicity of bovine milk analysed by murine anaphylactic shock model. Clin Allergy 17(5) 449 158. 

A major problem for the shock model has been to find a source of powerful, pervasive, and repeatable shocks. Several have been proposed clumpy material falling into the nebula (Tanaka et al, 1998), bow shocks from planetesimals scattered by Jupiter (Hood, 1998 Weidenschillingetal., 1998), and spiral-arm instabilities in the solar nebula (Wood, 1996b). Boss infers that clumps and spiral arms could generate 10kms shocks in the asteroid belt (Chapter 1.04). lida et al. (2001) and... 

Leist M, Gantner F, Bohlinger I, Tiegs G, Germann PG, Wendel A. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-induced hepatocyte apoptosis precedes liver failure in experimental murine shock models. Am. J. Pathol. 146 1220-34... 

Fig. 19. Si (left panel) and Mg (right panel) triplets (resonance, intercombination and forbidden lines) resolved by Chandra High Energy transmission Grating Spectroscopy. The data are shown by the solid black histogram and an arbitrarily scaled point-source version of the two-shock model (no spatial-velocity effects) is shown in red to suggest the relative similarity of the data and model G-ratios [(f+i) /r]. (Fig reproduced by permission of the AAS and courtesy of D. Dewey [140])...

Figure 7.1 Screenshot of E-Cell Simulation Environment Versioti3 running a heat-shock model for E.coU using both detenninistic and stochastic modeling methods.

In an endotoxic shock model in the tat, inhibition of PARP with 1,5-dihydroxyi oquinoline resulted in a small protective effect, whereas PJ34 treatment resulted in significant protection against liver and kidney dysfunction in endotoxic shock in the rat. Five-aminoisoquinolinone, a water-soluble, potent PARP inhibitor, significandy reduced the... 

With shock models two failure mechanisms are contemplated ... 

With non-shock models failure probabilities are directly derived from observations. The following models are inscribed in this group ... 

Qian, C.H., Ito, K. and Nakagawa, T., 2005. Optimal preventive maintenance policies for a shock model with given damage level. 11(3),... 

As seen in Section 1, Kijima Nakagawa (1991) proposed a cumulative damage shock model with imperfect periodic maintenance actions. Each action reduces the deterioration level by 100(1 — b)% of total damage, where b 6 [0,1]. The same authors introduced in Kijima Nakagawa (1992) an improvement factor t. The amount of damage after the preventive maintenance becomes bi Yi when it was T) before the maintenance action. Moreover the imperfect maintenance action can impact the failure rate of the system, this method is called the improvement factor method . This concept had been introduced by Malik (1979). Nicolai et al. (2009) consider different imperfect maintenance actions which have a random impact on the deterioration level of the system. A random improvement according to the residual time on a finite horizon is rarely considered, that is why, in this paper, such a random improvement is considered. 

Jayabalan, V. Chaudhuri, D. (1992). Optimal maintenance-replacement policy under imperfect maintenance. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 36, 165-169. Kijima, M. Nakagawa, T. (1991). Accumulative damage shock model with imperfect preventive maintenance. Naval Research Logistics 38, 145-156. 

Now Q is the mean value of p when considering a range of shocks, and D can be interpreted as a measure of dependence between the outcomes of the shocks. Therefore the two models (the Parametric Mixture model and the Random Probability Shock model) are essentially ecpiivalent, as the use of the beta distribution on the hinomial parameter p considers the failure propensity of components averaged over all possible shocks. 

Whereas the Parametric Mixture model and the Random Probability Shock model use a probabihty distribution over the component failure probability p to account for the various sources of shocks, the location-specific shock model distinguishes clearly between types of failure mechanisms by considering a range of familiesofshocksthatoccuratrates/ry,(/ = 1,..., ). Moreover, the location-specific model acknowledges the possibility that a given component reacts differently to the stress posed by a specific type of shock, depending on its location. 

Hokstad, P. (1988). A shock model for common-cause failures. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 127-145. 

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