Crystals solid state

Water of crystallation (solid state spectra) 3600-3100 (w) Usually a weak band at 1640-1615 cm also. Water in trace amounts in KBr disks shows a broad band at 3450 cm k... 

The term solid-state laser refers to lasers that use solids as their active medium. However, two kinds of materials are required a host crystal and an impurity dopant. The dopant is selected for its ability to form a population inversion. The Nd YAG laser, for example, uses a small number of neodymium ions as a dopant in the solid YAG (yttrium-aluminum-gar-net) crystal. Solid-state lasers are pumped with an outside source such as a flash lamp, arc lamp, or another laser. This energy is then absorbed by the dopant, raising the atoms to an excited state. Solid-state lasers are sought after because the active medium is relatively easy to handle and store. Also, because the wavelength they produce is within the transmission range of glass, they can be used with fiber optics. 

As it has been described in various other review articles before, the conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic cells depend on the band gap of the semiconductor used in these systems The maximum efficiency is expected for a bandgap around Eg = 1.3eV. Theoretically, efficiencies up to 30% seem to be possible . Experimental values of 20% as obtained with single crystal solid state devices have been reported " . Since the basic properties are identical for solid/solid junctions and for solid/liquid junctions the same conditions for high efficiencies are valid. Before discussing special problems of electrochemical solar cells the limiting factors in solid photovoltaic cells will be described first. 

A. A. Maradudin, Theoretical and experimental aspects of the effects of point defects and disorder on the vibrations in crystals, Solid State Phys. 18, 273... 

During the course of the last century, it was realized that many properties of solids are controlled not so much by the chemical composition or the chemical bonds linking the constituent atoms in the crystal but by faults or defects in the structure. Over the course of time the subject has, if anything, increased in importance. Indeed, there is no aspect of the physics and chemistry of solids that is not decisively influenced by the defects that occur in the material under consideration. The whole of the modem silicon-based computer industry is founded upon the introduction of precise amounts of specific impurities into extremely pure crystals. Solid-state lasers function because of the activity of impurity atoms. Battery science, solid oxide fuel cells, hydrogen storage, displays, all rest upon an understanding of defects in the solid matrix. 

The size and orientation of the 31P CSA tensor have been calibrated from single-crystal solid state NMR data of barium diethylphosphate [31]. The projection angles 6CHa22 and i between the 1H,13C-dipolar coupling and the components of the 31P-CSA-tensor de-... 

Martin, T. P., 1971. Infrared absorption by surface modes in small KBr crystals, Solid State Commun., 9, 623-625. 

McClure, D. S., 1959a. Electronic spectra of molecules and ions in crystals Part I. Molecular crystals, Solid State Phys., 8, 1-47. 

Charvolin, J. and Tardieu, A. Lyotropic liquid crystals Structures and Molecular Motions, in L. Liebert, ed. Liquid Crystals . Solid State Physics, Supplement 14, Academic Press, New York, NY 1978, p. 209... 

Figure 8.27 (a) Topotactic, single crystal solid-state photodimerisation of 5-benzyl-2-benzylidene-... 

Crystal-to-Crystal Solid-State Photochemistry Absolute Asymmetric (3-Thiolactam Synthesis from an Achiral a,(3-Unsatur ated Thioamide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 10664-10665. (b) Sakamoto, M., Takahashi, M., Arai, W., Mino, T., Yamaguchi, K., Watanabe, S., and Fujita, T. (2000) Solid-State Photochemistry Absolute Asymmetric (3-Thiolactam Synthesis from Achiral N,N-Dibenzyl-a,6-unsaturated Thioamides, Tetrahedron, 56, 6795-6804. (c) Hosoya, T., Ohhara, T., Uekusa, H., and Ohashi, Y. (2002) Crystalline-state... 

Differential scanning Melting point, enthalpy of fusion, and crystallization solid-state... 

Xue D., Betzler K., Hesse H. and hammers D., Nonlinear optical properties of borate crystals. Solid State Commm., 114 (2000) pp. 21-25. 

For a neodymium(III)-Pc with the formula [Pc2Nd] H a new hydrogen bonded polymer structure in the crystal solid state is proposed ... 

Use Electronic and optical applications, starting materials for growing single crystal solid-state lasers, high-temperature dry film lubricants in the form of ceramic-bonded coatings. 

Use Anticorrosion pigments, electronic and optical applications, single crystals, solid-state lasers. 

Z.K. Tang, M.M. Loy, T. Goto, J.S. Chen, and R. Xu., Polarized Raman Spectra of Se Chains Isolated in Channels of AlP04-5 Single Crystal. Solid State Commun., 1997, 101, 333-336. 

R.J. Tarento and C. Monty, Influence of nonstoichiometry on the oxygen self-diffusion in Coi-xO single crystals. Solid State Ionics, 28-30 (1988) 1221-1229. 

T. Ishigaki, S. Yamauchi, J. Mizusaki, K. Fueki and H. Tamura, Tracer diffusion coefficient of oxide ions in LaCoOs single crystal. /. Solid State Chem., 54 (1984) 100-107. 

X-ray analysis of structural changes in photochromic salicylideneaniline crystals. Solid-state reaction induced by two-photon excitation. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 5809-5810. 

Ivanov-Schitz, A.K. and Bykov, A.B. (1997) Ionic conductivity of the NaZr2(PO4)3 single crystals. Solid State Ionics, 100, 153-5. 

Pietraszko, A., Hilczer, B. and Pawlowski, A. (1999). Structural aspects of fast proton transport in (NH4)3H(Se04)2 single crystals. Solid State Ionics 119, 281-288. 

Cheikh, A. et al., Ionic conductivity of zirconia based ceramics from single crystals to nanostructured polycrystals, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc. 21 (2001) 1837-1841. Hartmanova, M. et al., Correlation between microscopic and macroscopic properties of yttria stabilized zirconia 1. Single crystals. Solid State Ionics 136—137 (2000) 107-113. 

Co-crystals Solid-state Targets for Non-covalent Synthesis... 

Figure 8.27 (a) Topotactic, single crystal solid-state photodimerisation of 5-benzyl-2-benzylidene-cyclopentanone. (b) Superposition of the structures of the starting material and dimersied product (reprinted with permission from [33] 1981 American Chemical Society). 

Single-crystal solid-state esr studies on 792 have shown that the number of unpaired spins per molecule is less than 1% (91JA3559), which implies that these paramagnetic impurities are, in fact, unpaired molecules of 792 , located at lattice defects. These unpaired radicals show a well-resolved 1 2 3 2 1 pentet( zz = 2.0021, aNzz = 1.331 mT) at 9K (with the magnetic field perpendicular to the c axis). 

Moreno A.J.D., Freire P.T.C., Melo F.E.A., Araujo Silva M.A., Guedes I., Mendes Filho J. Pressure-induced phase transitions in monohydrated 1-asparagine aminoacid crystals. Solid State Commun. 

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