Other Potential Medicinal Applications

Proposed medicinal applications of vanadium compounds encompass beneficial effects in the treatment of, inter alia, tuberculosis, amoebiasis, HIV, herpes and, in particular. 

Phosphatases are antagonists to kinases in the sense that they catalyse the dephosphorylation (often by hydrolysis) of a substrate. 

The complexes 22 ( metvan ), 23 and 24 have been employed in chemo-preventive and anti-cancer treatment. Complexes 23 and 24 are particularly stable under physiological conditions. The outer-sphere complex 25 models the possible mode of interaction between CP2VX2 and phosphate linkers in DNA. 

The inhibition of cellular lyrosine phosphalases discussed in the previous section as the primary mode of action of vanadate underlying ils anli-diabelic potential may also be an effective mechanism explaining ihe chemo-prevenlive potential of vanadium compounds in cancer genesis.Inhibition of lyrosine phosphalase, and thus increased 

Alkylating agents such as dialkylnitrosamines present in tobacco-borne smoke and various (in particularly fried) foods, but also formed intrinsically by biosynthesis, and also 

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In this rapidly evolving field, the detection of PDE enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) has stimulated interest in exploring potential applications of PDE inhibitors for treating CNS disorders such as Alzheimer s disease and other cognitive malfunctions, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. This review will focus on these therapeutic opportunities as well as new developments in the medicinal chemistry and biology associated with selected members of the PDE family, in particular PDEs 2, 4, 9, and 10. There have been a number of other reviews in this field in the past year that have covered selected individual PDE enzymes and potential pharmacologic applications of PDE inhibitors in CNS disorders [3,7,8]. 

Nitrene cycloaddition was also used by Yinghuai and co-workers to append C2B10 carborane cages to SWCNTs [31]. One of the derivatives showed very interesting potential in medicinal applications as it was found that boron atoms had higher concentrations in tumor cells than in blood or other organs when administered to mice. This finding could inspire further research on the use of these systems as nanovehicles for... 

A chiral substance is enantiopure or homochiral when only one of two possible enantiomers is present. A chiral substance is enantioenriched or heterochiral when an excess of one enantiomer is present but not to the exclusion of the other. If the desired product is an enantiomer, the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100%. For the biological usage we almost need one enantiomer and in high purity. This is because when biologically active chiral compounds interact with its receptor site which is chiral, the two enantiomers of the chiral molecule interact differently and can lead to different chemistry. For example, one enantiomer of asparagines (1.37) is bitter while the other is sweet. As far as medicinal applications are concerned, a given enantiomer of a drug may be effective while the other is inactive or potentially harmful. For example, one enantiomer of ethanbutol (1.38) is used as antibiotic and the other causes blindness. 

One review of a synthetic nature covered new routes to pyridazino-fused ring systems <04SL1123>. In addition to this, there were two reviews focusing on specific medicinal applications of some diazines. One covered the design, synthesis and SAR of 5-[(l-substituted) alkyl (or vinyl)] pyrimidine nucleosides as potential inhibitors of herpes viruses <04MI2749>, and the other described 4-thiophenoxy-N-(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2-amines as potent and selective inhibitors of the T-cell p561ck tyrosine kinase <04MI747>. 

The discovery of the potential for medicinal applications of fetal membranes started in the early 20th century as a technique for skin transplantation in the treatment of bums and other skin wounds. " In 1910, William Thornton and Staige Davis from Johns Hopkins Hospital, published the first written description of skin transplantation with human placental tissues. Benefits described by these authors included a decrease in pain, reduced infection, and increased rates of healing. Later, in the third and fourth decades of the 20th century, other uses of fetal tissues were studied, including the creation of artificial vaginas and early treatments of ocular bums and various defects. The initial fetal membranes used clinically involved fresh placental tissue which was harvested and used immediately for their epithelial effects on natural tissues of the human body. 

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