Other mineral additions

Other mineral additives have been used for many years as functional extenders and fillers in adhesives and sealants. These include kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate), bentonite (hectorite clay), talc (magnesium silicate), and attapulgite (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate) additives.1213 Kaolin and talc are considered to be viscosity thickeners whereas attapulgite is more of a conventional thixotrope. They are considered to be very cost-effective rheological additives. 

In addition to the collector, polyvalent ions may show sufficiently strong adsorption on oxide, sulfide, and other minerals to act as potential-determining ions (see Ref. 98). Judicious addition of various salts, then, as well as pH control, can permit a considerable amount of selectivity. 

In addition to the main acidulation reaction, other reactions also occur. Free calcium carbonate in the rock reacts with the acid to produce additional by-product calcium compounds and CO2 gas which causes foaming. Other mineral impurities, eg, Fe, Al, Mg, U, and organic matter, dissolve, the result being that the wet-process acid is highly impure. 

Sulfur concretes are used in many specialty areas where Porfland cement concretes are not completely satisfactory. Because SC can be formulated to resist deterioration and failure from mineral acid and salt solutions, it is used for constmction of tanks, electrolytic cells, thickeners, industrial flooring, pipe, and others. In addition, SC is under investigation for many other prospective uses (58,59) (see Cement). 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

It is recommended that the concentration of sulfuric acid in the initial solution be kept at 2-4 mol per liter for the extraction of tantalum, whereas for the extraction of niobium, the concentration of sulfuric acid must be increased to a minimum of 6 mol per liter [458,481]. In some cases, the presence, in the initial solution, of titanium in the form of fluorotitanic acid ensures the successful and selective extraction and purification of tantalum and niobium with no addition of any other mineral acid [482]. 

Silicate scales are among the most heat transfer-resisting of all scales. They are particularly adherent, requiring special and expensive techniques for their removal. In addition, silica forms particularly elaborate glassy scales in combination with a wide range of other minerals. Some of these scales are described here ... 

Any sedimentary deposit or foulant that fails to form a crystalline scale. Often the result of supersaturation or the binding of biological or other organic material with dust, sand, or other mineral deposits. Also, sludge is not always deposited at point of origin and can additionally bake onto heat transfer surfaces. 

Several refinements of our experiments could test these theories further. By measuring etch pit densities as well as pit dimensions on sequentially-etched crystals, nucleation rate data and pit growth data could be collected, yielding information about the rate-limiting steps and mechanisms of dissolution. In addition, since the critical concentration is extremely dependent on surface energy of the crystal-water interface (Equation 4), careful measurement of Ccrit yields a precise measurement of Y. Our data indicates an interfacial energy of 280 + 90 mjm- for Arkansas quartz at 300°C, which compares well with Parks value of 360 mJm for 25°C (10). Similar experiments on other minerals could provide essential surface energy data. 

Copper is softer and more ductile than steel and is utilized frequently in the manufacture of pipes and tubing. Copper has good corrosion resistance but will corrode in the presence of nitric acid and other mineral acids. Organic acids do not corrode copper as readily. Dry ammonia does not corrode copper, but the presence of water in ammonia and ammonium hydroxide will corrode copper. Copper resists corrosion in the presence of caustic solutions, but the addition of zinc will increase corrosion rates. Also carbonate, phosphate, and silicate salts of sodium will corrode copper. See FIGURE 9-1. 

X-ray diffractograms (Fig. 4) and petrographic analyses (scanning electron microscopy also used for estimating the surface roughness and micro-heterogeneity of samples) indicate the presence of diverse silicates and oxides on the surface and in the bulk of the vitrocrystalline samples. In addition to the nearly ubiquitous quartz, other minerals were found in several samples gehlenite, albite, diopside, portlandite, pyroxenes... 

Bauxitic Kaolins andMullites. Deposits of bauxitic kaolins, kaolins having aluminous minerals, have been discovered that have alumina contents between 50 and 70%. These materials are made into refractory aggregates called calcines, grog, clinker, or grain. In addition to sdectivdy mined deposits, synthetic compositions can be prepared from kaolin and alumina and other minerals to produce compositions of desired alumina and mineralogical content. These synthetic mullites are readily available in the form of sintered and fused aggregates. 

C12+H20. To avoid local super- saturation with nitric acid the liquid is constantly agitated during the addition of the nitric acid. The clear liquid is then distilled. The hypochlorous acid comes over with the first portion of the distillate. A soln. of eau de Javelle may he treated with nitric acid in a similar manner. Instead of using nitric acid, some other mineral acid may he used. R. Lauch recommended boric acid, since a very great excess must be present before any appreciable quantity of hydrochloric acid is liberated. 

As bonos furnish only two substances to crops, science as well as experience indicates that they are more likely to be useful when used aa auxiliaries—for example, with farmyard manure, et cetera. At all events, that this is true, when bones are to be used for some ye are, may be deduced from the mineral theory, A striking instance of this fact occurred in Nottinghamshire. The soil was supposed to have become deficient in bone earth, and as the first applications produced very good results, it was supposed that by the constant repetition of a larger quantity increased fertility would follow, Those hopes were disappointed, until it was shown by other experiments that other mineral constituents were necessary. By tho addition of these, the accumulated stores of dormant bone earth immediately began to develop wonderful effects. This is but another instance of the truth of the mineral theory of Liebig. 

Most chalks are made from calcium carbonate, which is the same chemical found in limestone. The addition of even a weak acid, such as the acetic acid of vinegar, produces hydronium ions that react with the calcium carbonate to form several products, the most notable being carbon dioxide, which rapidly bubbles out of solution. Try this for yourself If the bubbling is not as vigorous as shown here, then the chalk is made of other mineral components. 

H. S. Gluskoter. What other minerals have been identified in addition to the pitchblende in these sediments ... 

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