Brain disorder and

Every person has his or her own distinctive brain wave pattern, the result of electrical discharge, and it may be traced by electroencephalography. Tiny wires, electrodes, are attached to the scalp and connected to an amplifier that magnifies the electrical impulses a million times—the potential charges that reach the scalp are on the order of 5 to 200 microvolts—and translates them into squiggles on a moving strip of paper. This electroencephalogram, the EEG, can identify brain disorders and metabolic disturbances because such anomalies cause abnormal wave forms. 

Cacabelos R, Fernandez-Novoa L, Martinez-Bouza R, McKay A, Carril JC, Lombardi V et al (2010) Future trends in the pharmacogenomics of brain disorders and dementia Influence of APOE and CYP2D6 variants. Pharmaceuticals 3 3040-3100... 

Haas H. Brain disorders and vasoactive substances of plant origin. Planta Med 1981 (suppl) 257-265. 

Fig. 9.1 Lipid systems affected in CNS disorders (shaded) and injuries (clear). Neurosteroid synthesis in the brain is affected in various brain disorders and injuries and treatment with neurosteroids (pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and allopregnanolone) showed positive trend in these brain pathologies (Fig. 9.3)...

Improves brain disorder and heart function. Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase acetyl choline -stearase and anoxia, shows isotropic action and useful as cardiotonics and the treatment of heart failure, cerebral arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer type senile dementi s. 199... 

Dimephosphone (12.138a) is used in neurosurgery and for the treatment of cerebro-vascular brain disorder and hemorrhagic strokes, etc. Psilocybin (12.138b) is a psychedelic drug found in Mexican mushrooms. 

Vitamin deficiencies due to malnutrition may sometimes cause brain disorders and seizures. 

Research work into clinical conditions such as attention deficit disorder has investigated performance of tasks such as serial and choice reaction time tests, and the relation of these to other areas of psychometric functioning. Information from tests to assess the effects of mild head trauma and other brain disorders, and tests and investigations used in demyelinating conditions, could also be studied to see what information they provide on the relationship of known functional deficit to test results. 

Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration 6c Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disorders and Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China... 

Antidepressants are small heterocyclic molecules entering the circulation after oral administration and passing the blood-brain barrier to bind at numerous specific sites in the brain. They are used for treatment of depression, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and other psychiatric disorders and nonpsychiatric states. 

ChEI treatments have been expanded also to include other dementias and CNS disorders, e.g. delirium, traumatic brain injuries and memory impairments, as well as myasthenia gravis, glaucoma and parasite infections. 

Development of MMP null mice carrying specific MMP deletions has provided an opportunity to explore the role of MMPs in normal development as well as in such diverse conditions and diseases as skeletal dysplasias, coronary artery and heart disease, arthritis, cancer, and brain disorders. 

Seizure disorders are generally categorized as idiopathic or acquired. Idiopathic seizures have no known cause acquired seizure disorders have a known cause, including high fever, electrolyte imbalances, uremia, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, brain tumors, and some drug withdrawal reactions. Once the cause is removed (if it can be removed), the seizures theoretically cease. 

Fuxe K, Andersson K, Nilsen OG, et al Toluene and telencephalic dopamine selective reduction of amine mrnover in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the anterior caudate nucleus by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicol Lett 12 115—123,1982 Cause EM, Mendez V, Geller I Exploratory smdies of a rodent model for inhalant abuse. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7 143—148, 1985 Gentry JR, Hill C, Malcolm R New anticonvulsants a review of applications for the management of substance abuse disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14 233—245, 2002 Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Schiffer WK, et al Smdy of brain uptake and biodistribution of [llCjtoluene in non-human primates and mice. Life Sci 70 2811 — 2828, 2002... 

How the different neurotransmitters may be involved in the initiation and maintenance of some brain disorders, such as Parkinson s disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety and dementia, as well as in the sensation of pain, is then evaluated and an attempt made to see how the drugs which are used in these conditions produce their effect by modifying appropriate neurotransmitter function (section C). The final section (D) deals with how neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and consciousness and in the social problems of drug use and abuse. 

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