Stabilizing the Dimensions

This group of operations is the most diverse depending on the nature of the fibre. 

Cotton and bast fibres fabric dimensions are set by mercerizing and sanforizing. 

Sanforizing, a complementary operation for stabilizing the dimensions of cellulose fabrics, is an induced shrinkage of cotton fabric achieved by controlled dampening and drying of the relaxed fabric to remove any tensions and distortions which have appeared as a result of other processing. It does not produce pollutants. 

The stabilizing of fabrics made of chemical fibres requires a thermosetting operation, performed in the stenter. The pollutants produced are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arisen from the oligomers volatilizing at 180-200 °C required by thermosetting. 

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Ans. The base pair A-T has the same horizontal dimension as the G-C pair. This permits a uniform cross-sectional dimension for the entire DNA double helix. The dimensions of the A-C and G-T pairs are different from each other and from the A-T and G-C pairs. Any variation from a constant cross-sectional dimension for the double helix would significantly lower its stability. The dimensions for T-C and A-G pairs would be very different from each other and from A-T and G-C. 

Stabilizing Treatment A heat treatment to stabilize the dimensions of the part or work piece. In stainless steels it refers to heating the metal to below the solution heat treatment temperature to allow the precipitation of carbides to combine with certain alloy ingredients, specifically titanium or columbium (niobium). 

Thesis Increase in the amount of addition of ZrCb zirconium phase, modified with 8% wt. and 20% wt. Y2Q5, to hydroxyapatite bioceramics leads to reduction of shrinkage triggered by sintering of the mixture prepared from both powders. Zirconium phase in HA + Z1O2 mixture stabilizes the dimensions of final, sintered composite. 

While most vesicles are formed from double-tail amphiphiles such as lipids, they can also be made from some single chain fatty acids [73], surfactant-cosurfactant mixtures [71], and bola (two-headed) amphiphiles [74]. In addition to the more common spherical shells, tubular vesicles have been observed in DMPC-alcohol mixtures [70]. Polymerizable lipids allow photo- or chemical polymerization that can sometimes stabilize the vesicle [65] however, the structural change in the bilayer on polymerization can cause giant vesicles to bud into smaller shells [76]. Multivesicular liposomes are collections of hundreds of bilayer enclosed water-filled compartments that are suitable for localized drug delivery [77]. The structures of these water-in-water vesicles resemble those of foams (see Section XIV-7) with the polyhedral structure persisting down to molecular dimensions as shown in Fig. XV-11. 

The numerical values of and a, for a particular sample, which will depend on the kind of linear dimension chosen, cannot be calculated a priori except in the very simplest of cases. In practice one nearly always has to be satisfied with an approximate estimate of their values. For this purpose X is best taken as the mean projected diameter d, i.e. the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected image of the particle, when viewed in a direction normal to the plane of greatest stability is determined microscopically, and it includes no contributions from the thickness of the particle, i.e. from the dimension normal to the plane of greatest stability. For perfect cubes and spheres, the value of the ratio x,/a ( = K, say) is of course equal to 6. For sand. Fair and Hatch found, with rounded particles 6T, with worn particles 6-4, and with sharp particles 7-7. For crushed quartz, Cartwright reports values of K ranging from 14 to 18, but since the specific surface was determined by nitrogen adsorption (p. 61) some internal surface was probably included. f... 

Additives have the same effect on thermoplastic foaming processes as on thermoset foaming processes. Environmental conditions are important in this case because of the necessity of removing heat from the foamed stmcture in order to stabilize it. The dimensions and size of the foamed stmcture are important for the same reason. 

Ventilation noise originates primarily from fans and the air turbulence generated inside ducts and around supply air and exhaust air terminal devices. The appearance of the noise is, of course, affected by factors such as the speed of rotation and the power of the fan, and by how the fan is stabilized or in other ways acoustically insulated. The noise level and the frequency characteristics are also largely derermined by the velocity of the air inside ducts and around terminal devices, where factors such as the dimensions and appearance of the ducts and terminal devices may play a decisive role in the appearance of the noise. 

Phosphorus and arsenic have nearly identical electronegativities, so in GaP Asi. , the dominant effect is the smaller atomic radius of P relative to As. Substituting P atoms for As atoms shrinks the dimensions of the semiconductor lattice. This leads to greater overlap of the valence orbitals, increased stability of the bonding orbitals (valence band), and an increased band gap. 

As it is shown, different support differently influences the transferring of the metal particles. In the case of THPC, the particle dimension in the sol is maintained only when a high THPC/Au ratio is used, especially in the case of carbon as the support. A more bulky stabilizer as PVA provided in contrast a good stability of dimension during the immobilization step. 

Because the presence of an electrolyte increases the dimensions of micelles and microemulsion droplets [115], it may be expected that in presence of ions the size of microgels is also increased. This expectation could be confirmed external electrolyte increases Mw (Fig. 21) as well as dz and [r ] (Fig. 22) up to the limit of the emulsion stability. Therefore, the addition of an external electrolyte to the reaction mixture for the ECP of EUP and comonomers is a means to vary the molar mass, the diameter and the intrinsic viscosity of microgels from EUP and comonomers deliberately. 

Conducting reactions in nanospace where the dimensions of the reaction vessel are comparable to those of the reactants provides a new tool that can be used to control the selectivity of chemical transformations.1 This dimensional aspect of nano-vessels has been referred to as shape selectivity.2 The effect of spatial confinement can potentially be exerted at all points on the reaction surface but its influence on three stationary points along the reaction coordinate (reactants, transition states, and products) deserve special attention.3,4 (1) Molecular sieving of the reactants, excluding substrates of the incorrect dimension from the reaction site can occur (reactant selectivity). (2) Enzyme-like size selection or shape stabilization of transition states can dramatically influence reaction pathways (transition state selectivity). (3) Finally, products can be selectively retained that are too large to be removed via the nano-vessel openings/pores (product selectivity). 

Fig. 5. Schematic model of the nucleosome, with histone HI shown as stabilizing the fold of the DNA molecule around the core histones [based on results of Sperling and Sperling (1978)]. The nucleosome dimensions are derived from X-ray (Finch et al., 1977) and neutron (Baldwin et al., 1975 Pardon et al., 1977 Suauet al., 1977) scattering experiments. The histone core dimensions are derived from electron microscopic and X-ray studies (Sperling and Amos, 1977 Wachtel and Sperling, 1979 Sperling and Wachtel, 1979). The regions of the DNA molecule indicated by dashed lines indicate those base pairs which are not present in nucleosome core particles.

The length of the wake is proportional to the characteristic dimension of the stabilizer, the diameter d in the case of a rod, so that... 

The elephant-like contours result from the stabilizing leverage of the distant factor combination. Note that this additional point stabilizes the fitted model in the X2-direction (the dimension in which it was extended), but has little effect in the Xj-direction. 

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