Orris

The irones (167,168,169), which constitute slightly more than 75% of the volatiles, are primarily responsible for the fine odor of the natural material. For this reason and because of the high cost of orris absolute, synthetic versions of the irones have been commercialized. Of the possible irone stmctures, the y-isomer (168) possesses the best fragrance properties. 

Orris. Orris is produced from rhi2omes of Ins pallida and Ins germanica. The plants are found and cultivated mosdy ia Italy, but also ia Morocco and China. It is used ia perfumery as an absolute, a steam-distilled essential oil, and a concrete. The last material, which is a low melting soHd (due to a high content of myristic acid) and therefore erroneously called a concrete, is by far the most used. Orris has a violet-like odor useful ia fine perfumes, luxury soaps, and fragrances for powders and other cosmetic products. Its most important odor contributors are the irones, of which the most important isomer... 

Oleic Aldehyde.—Oleic aldehyde, CjjH33.CHO, is -found in oil of orris root. It bas the following characters —... 

Diacetyl, CHg. CO. CO. CHg, is a diketone found in the distillation waters of santal, caraway, orris, savin, pine, and other essential oils. It has the following characters —... 

From the point of view of practical perfumery, Chuit points out that the possession of the two pure isomers enables perfumers to produce numerous shades of violet perfume, with characteristic and distinct odours, a-ionone has a sweeter and more penetrating odour, rather resembling orris than violets, whilst 8-ionone is said to more closely resemble the true fresh violet flower. 

The commercial product, as put on to the market, was originally a 10 per cent, solution of ionone in alcohol. This was due not only to the expensive nature of the product, but also to the fact that its odour is very intense, and when pure, not like that of violets. Ten grams of this solution are sufficient to produce 1 kilo of triple extract of violets when diluted with pure spirit. But to-day 100 per cent, violet perfumes, such as the violettone, above mentioned, are regular commercial articles. The perfume is improved both lor extracts and soaps by the addition of a little orris oil, but in the author s opinion the odour of ionone is not nearly so delicate as that of the natural violet, although far more powerful. 

The principal thing in connection with the employment of ionone is to discover its proper degree of dilution. In its natural state the body is so highly concentrated as scarcely to remind one of violets. This is the reason why it was placed in trade in the form of a 10 per cent, solution, and not in its pure state. This form has proved an exceedingly useful one. In using it for extracts, powders, sachets, etc., the solution must be further diluted and fixed with some orris oil, civet, and musk. ... 

Irone is the odorous ketone present in oil of orris. It is isomeric with ionone, having the formula CJ3H2JO and the constitution—... 

Veilchen-holz, n. violet wood, -keton, n. ionone. -ol ri. violet oil. -stein, m. iolite. -wurzel, -wurz,/. orris root. 

Cavasotto C, Orry AJW, Abagyan R A. Strnctnre-based identification of binding sites, native ligands and potential inhibitors for G-protein coupled receptors. Proteins Structure Funct Genet 2003 51 423-33. 

Orowan bowing mechanisms, 13 502 Orphan Drug Act, 18 686 Orpiment, 3 263t Orris, in perfumes, 18 369 Orr-Sherby-Dorn parameter, 13 478 Ortacrone, molecular formula and structure, 5 95t... 

A solid to semi-solid substance containing volatile essential oils and a fatty-waxy material obtained by the extraction of plant tissue with lipophilic solvents like hexane, e.g. Orris concrete. 

Palmes ED, Orris L, Nelson N Skin irritation and skin tumor production by P-propiolactone (BPL). Am Ind HygJ 23a57-264, 1962... 

Van Duuren BL, Nelson H, Orris L, et al Carcinogenicity of epoxides, lactones, and peroxy compounds. 7 Natl Cancer Inst 31 41-55, 1963... 

The irones are ionone homologues that have an additional methyl group adjacent to the twin methyl groups in the cyclohexane ring. The number of possible irone isomers is larger than that of the ionones due to the additional methyl group on the ring. Some of these irone isomers occur in essential oils from the roots of Orris species (see Orris Root Oil). 

Isomethylionone C14H22O [79-89-0] 206.33 94 (0.4) 0.9376 1.5033 interesting, powdery, orris-like odor with slightly woody aspects... 

C11H20O, Mr 168.28, does not occur in nature. It is a colorless liquid, df 0.919-0.927, 1.466-1.471, with a powerful orris type aroma. Hydrogenation of p-tert-... 

Raw materials derived from intensive agricultural cultivation are usually relatively inexpensive. However, the prices of some natural materials may exceed 1000 per kilogram because cultivation and harvesting of these plants are tedious and product yields are very low. Examples of extremely valuable ingredients of fragrance and flavor creations include rose oil, jasmine absolute, tuberose absolute, orris root oil, ambrette seed oil, angelica root oil, and orange flower oil [220]. 

Orris root oil is obtained by steam distillation of the rhizomes of the sweet iris. Iris pallida Lam. (Iridaceae) cultivated in the Italian province of Tuscany or Iris germanica L. cultivated in Morocco. Prior to distillation the rhizomes are stored for several years and are then ground. The steam distillate is a light yellow to brown-yellow solid mass with a violet-like odor. The solid liquefies to a yellow to yellow-brown liquid at 38-50 °C. 

Because of its high content of myristic and other fatty acids, the steam distillate is a waxy mass that resembles a concrete and is sold under this name or as Beurre d lris (Orris butter). In addition, a neutral product, obtained after removal of the acids with alkali, is marketed under the name orris oil absolute or as orris oil 10-fold. 

Fresh orris roots do not contain any irones. These compounds are formed by an oxidative degradation process from higher molecular precursors, the so-called iridales, only when the dried orris roots are stored for a longer period. To avoid such a time-consuming procedure, microbiological processes for the oxidative degradation have been developed [677]. 

Orris root Iris pallida Lam., I. germanica L. cis-y-lrone (30-40), cis-a-irone (20-30) [I pallida oil contains (+) enantiomers I. germanica oil contains (-) enantiomers]... 

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