Wood violet

In the 19th century, the scent of violets enjoyed a renaissance. By enfleurage of the English violet (or wood violet, Viola odorata L) (Fig. 3.13), the readily volatile components were extracted and thus made accessible for fine perfumery. The price for one kilogram of violet oil in 1904 was estimated at 80,000 German Goldmarks, which corresponds to about 400,000 Euro. [48]... 

Veilchen-holz, n. violet wood, -keton, n. ionone. -ol ri. violet oil. -stein, m. iolite. -wurzel, -wurz,/. orris root. 

The most important 2 1 metal complex azo dyes are the 2 1 Cr3+ dyes. These may be symmetrical dyes, such as the water-soluble dye Cl Reactive Brown 10 (28), and the solvent-soluble dye Cl Solvent Yellow 21 (29), used in varnishes as a wood stain. They may also be unsymmetrical complexes, such as Cl Acid Violet 121 (30), used for dyeing wool and nylon. 

C12H22O, Mr 182.30, 25 0.861-0.870, ng 1.453-1.461, a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with a complex wood floral note with amber and violet nuances. It is used in perfume oils for a wide range of applications, especially in perfume oils for soaps, shower gels and shampoos. 

R. W. Wood has drawn attention to a deep violet light produced by suspended particles during the condensation of sodium vapour the oolour of the light transmitted through the sodium vapour is deep yellow instead of blue, as usually obtained. It was difficult to understand this at first, since the vapour is perfectly transparent... 

Detection of Red Wood Extract.—A dilute aqueous decoction of the substance is treated with lime water the colouring matter of the cochineal separates as a violet precipitate if the liquid remains coloured, the presence of red wood is indicated. 

This reagent, applied to natural, dry fibres, colours the cellulose of cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, etc., violet, and that of wood blue, while lignified fibres are dyed yellow. 

Castellan, A., Nourmamode, A., Fomier de Violet, P., Colombo, N. and Jeager, C., "Photoyellowing of Milled Wood Lignin and Peroxide-Bleached Milled Wood Lignin in Solid 2-hydroxypropyl cellulose after Borohydride Reduction Catalytic Hydrogenation in Solution An UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopic Study", J. Wood Chem. Technol., 1992,12(1) 1. 

Wood, W. F., Photoadaptive responses of the tropical red alga Euchema striatum Schmitz (Gigartinales) to ultra-violet radiation, Aquatic Bot.. 33, 41, 1989. 

Wood, W. F., Effect of solar ultra-violet radiation on the kelp Ecklonia radiata, Mar. Biol., 96, 143, 1987. 

Mathematical discoveries, like springtime violets in the woods, have their season which no human can hasten or retard. 

Note. Two other classes of methylated spirits are recognised in the United Kingdom mineralised methylated spirits and denatured ethanol. Mineralised methylated spirits is ethanol of an appropriate strength, 90 parts by volume mixed with wood naphtha 9.5 parts by volume and crude pyridine 0.5 parts by volume, and to every 2000 litres of this mixture is added 7.5 litres of mineral naphtha (petroleum oil) and 3.0 g of methyl violet. Denatured ethanol is ethanol, of a strength not less than 85% v/v, 98 parts by volume mixed with propanol 2 parts by volume, and to the resulting mixture is added denatonium benzoate 10 pg/ml, or solid quassin 120 pg/ml, or sucrose octa-acetate 4000 pg/ml. 

The transition from the atom to the cluster to the bulk metal can best be understood in the alkali metals. For example, the ionization potential (IP) (and also the electron affinity (EA)) of sodium clusters Na must approach the metallic sodium work function in the limit N - . We previously displayed this (1) by showing these values from the beautiful experiments by Schumacher et al. (36, 37) (also described in this volume 38)) plotted versus N". The electron affinity values also shown are from (39), (40) and (34) for N = 1,2 and 3, respectively. A better plot still is versus the radius R of the N-mer, equivalent to a plot versus as shown in Figure 1. The slopes of the lines labelled "metal sphere" are slightly uncertain those shown are 4/3 times the slope of Wood ( j ) and assume a simple cubic lattice relation of R and N. It is clear that reasonably accurate interpolation between the bulk work function and the IP and EA values for small clusters is now possible. There are, of course, important quantum and statistical effects for small N, e.g. the trimer has an anomalously low IP and high EA, which can be readily understood in terms of molecular orbital theory (, ). The positive trimer ions may in fact be "ionization sinks" in alkali vapor discharges a possible explanation for the "violet bands" seen in sodium vapor (20) is the radiative recombination of Na. Csj may be the hypothetical negative ion corresponding to EA == 1.2 eV... 

---