Organisms of Importance

The following lists some of the fimgal organisms that can potentially grow on plastics or their raw materials  

Alternaria alternata Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger Aureobasidium pullulans Botryotrichum sp. 

Epicoccum purpurascens Fusarium semitectum Gliocladium roseum Haligena unicordata Helminthosporium sp. 

Nigrospora oryzae Nigrospora spherica Paecilomyces variotii Penicillium citrinum Pestalotia neglecta Phoma sp. 

Trichoderma harzianum Ulocladium chartarum Zalerion maritima 

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Eucaryotic micro-organisms of importance to the analytical chemist include the fungi, protozoa and algae. 

Our examples so far have focused on neutral organic molecules such as acetic acid. The majority of priority pollutant organics of importance to TEQA are neutral molecules in water whose pH is within the 5-8 range. Before we leave the principles that underlie LLE, the answer to the question just posed is yes Consider the significant difference in versus HOAc partition constants discussed earlier. Ionic compounds have little to no tendency to partition into a moderate to nonpolar organic solvent. If, however, an ion can be converted to a neutral molecule via chemical change, this ion can exhibit a favorable K. This is accomplished in two ways chelation of metal ions and formation of ionpairs. The mathematical development of a metal chelate is discussed in this section. 

Prepared by use of HjOj or by electrolytic oxidation. Persulphuric acids, perborates, are of importance. (Permanganates, perchlorates and periodates are not salts of per-acids.) Organic per-acids are prepared similarly. The... 

Low-valent nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are used to remove hetero atoms from organic compounds. Important examples are the Wolff-Kishner type reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (R.L. Augustine, 1968 D. Todd, 1948 R.O. Hutchins, 1973B) and Barton s olefin synthesis (p. 35) both using hydrazine derivatives. 

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

In most cases, the proteia is immobilized onto y-aminopropyl sUica and covalently attached usiag a cross-linking reagent such as -carbonyl diimidazole. The tertiary stmcture or three dimensional organization of proteias are thought to be important for their activity and chiral recognition. Therefore, mobile phase conditions that cause proteia "deaaturatioa" or loss of tertiary stmcture must be avoided. 

Actinide ions form complex ions with a large number of organic substances (12). Their extractabiUty by these substances varies from element to element and depends markedly on oxidation state. A number of important separation procedures are based on this property. Solvents that behave in this way are thbutyl phosphate, diethyl ether [60-29-7J, ketones such as diisopropyl ketone [565-80-5] or methyl isobutyl ketone [108-10-17, and several glycol ether type solvents such as diethyl CeUosolve [629-14-1] (ethylene glycol diethyl ether) or dibutyl Carbitol [112-73-2] (diethylene glycol dibutyl ether). 

A number of organic compounds, eg, acetylacetone [123-54-6] and cupferron [135-20-6] form compounds with aqueous actinide ions (IV state for reagents mentioned) that can be extracted from aqueous solution by organic solvents (12). The chelate complexes are especially noteworthy and, among these, the ones formed with diketones, such as 3-(2-thiophenoyl)-l,l,l-trifluoroacetone [326-91-0] (C4H2SCOCH2COCF2), are of importance in separation procedures for plutonium. 

MetaUic ions are precipitated as their hydroxides from aqueous caustic solutions. The reactions of importance in chlor—alkali operations are removal of magnesium as Mg(OH)2 during primary purification and of other impurities for pollution control. Organic acids react with NaOH to form soluble salts. Saponification of esters to form the organic acid salt and an alcohol and internal coupling reactions involve NaOH, as exemplified by reaction with triglycerides to form soap and glycerol,... 

Noncrystalline domains in fibers are not stmctureless, but the stmctural organization of the polymer chains or chain segments is difficult to evaluate, just as it is difficult to evaluate the stmcture of Hquids. No direct methods are available, but various combinations of physicochemical methods such as x-ray diffraction, birefringence, density, mechanical response, and thermal behavior, have been used to deduce physical quantities that can be used to describe the stmcture of the noncrystalline domains. Among these quantities are the amorphous orientation function and the amorphous density, which can be related to some of the important physical properties of fibers. 

Trends in commercial fuel, eg, fossd fuel, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, production and consumption in the United States and in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are shown in Tables 2 and 3. These trends indicate (6,13) (/) a significant resurgence in the production and use of coal throughout the U.S. economy (2) a continued decline in the domestic U.S. production of cmde oil and natural gas lea ding to increased imports of these hydrocarbons (qv) and (J) a continued trend of energy conservation, expressed in terms of energy consumed per... 

Sterile aqueous D-sorbitol solutions are fermented with y cetobacter subo >gichns in the presence of large amounts of air to complete the microbiological oxidation. The L-sorbose is isolated by crystallisation, filtration, and drying. Various methods for the fermentation of D-sorbitol have been reviewed (60). A.cetobacter suboyydans is the organism of choice as it gives L-sorbose in >90% yield (61). Large-scale fermentations can be carried out in either batch or continuous modes. In either case, stefihty is important to prevent contamination, with subsequent loss of product. 

The electrofluorinated organics of principal industrial importance are perfluorooctanoic acid [335-67-1/, CE2(CE2)gCOOH, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid [1763-23-1/, CE2(CE2)yS02H. Typical conditions for preparation of the latter compound involve batch electrolysis of a 10 wt... 

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