Organic solvents aromatic hydrocarbons

Phenol has a low melting point, it crystallizes in colourless prisms and has a characteristic, slightly pungent odor. In the molten state, it is a clear, colourless, mobile liquid. In the temperature range T < 68.4 °C, its miscibility with water is limited above this temperature it is completely miscible. The melting and sohdification points of phenol are quite substantially lowered by water. A mixture of phenol and ca 10% water is called phenolum liquefactum, because it is actually a liquid at room temperature. Phenol is readily soluble in most organic solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids, halo-genated hydrocarbons etc.) and somewhat less soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Phenol forms azeotropic mixtures with water and other substances. 

Bovenzi et al. (1995) examined 21 patients (16 women, 5 men) with SSc or localized variants of scleroderma. A significant association was found between exposure to organic solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons) and SSc (3 men, 1 woman). Among the male subjects, an increased odds ratio for SSc was observed for exposure to organic solvents, silica dust, and hand-transmitted vibration. Exposure to solvents and other chemicals was associated, albeit not significantly, with SSc among the women. 

Excellent resistance to most organic solvents (aromatics, ketones, and hydrocarbons), excellent water resistance Difficult to clean. May be sensitive to decomposition products of materials stored in tanks. 

The two-component organometallic catalyst MeTiClj—MeAlCU [90,91 [, which is distinct from other Ti-Al systems, shows the following order of activity for the dimerization of ethylene in organic solvents chlorinated hydrocarbons > aromatic hydrocarbons > aliphatic hydrocarbons. It exists as the following struc-mral formulas ... 

Classification based on chemical classes, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and heavy metals... 

Two of the major disadvantages of PPO as a gas separation membrane material are its comparatively lower selectivity to gases and its insolubility in dipolar aprotic solvents conventionally used in the membrane fabrication process. It has also been mentioned by Zampini that PPO has a low resistance to most common organic solvents. Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons dissolve PPO, while other solvents and solvent vapors induce crazing in the molded PPO under stress thus causing almost complete loss of strength. 

Picrates, Many aromatic hydrocarbons (and other classes of organic compounds) form molecular compounds with picric acid, for example, naphthalene picrate CioHg.CgH2(N02)30H. Some picrates, e.g., anthracene picrate, are so unstable as to be decomposed by many, particularly hydroxylic, solvents they therefore cannot be easily recrystaUised. Their preparation may be accomplished in such non-hydroxylic solvents as chloroform, benzene or ether. The picrates of hydrocarbons can be readily separated into their constituents by warming with dilute ammonia solution and filtering (if the hydrocarbon is a solid) through a moist filter paper. The filtrate contains the picric acid as the ammonium salt, and the hydrocarbon is left on the filter paper. 

Physical Properties. Furfural [98-01-1] (2-furancarboxaldehyde), when freshly distilled, is a colorless Hquid with a pungent, aromatic odor reminiscent of almonds. It darkens appreciably on exposure to air or on extended storage. Furfural is miscible with most of the common organic solvents, but only slightly miscible with saturated aHphatic hydrocarbons. Inorganic compounds, generally, are quite insoluble in furfural. 

The methyl and ethyl esters of cyanoacetic acid are slightly soluble ia water but are completely miscible ia most common organic solvents including aromatic hydrocarbons. The esters, like the parent acid, are highly reactive, particularly ia reactions involving the central carbon atom however, the esters tend not to decarboxylate. They are prepared by esterification of cyanoacetic acid and are used principally as chemical iatermediates. 

Aqueous mineral acids react with BF to yield the hydrates of BF or the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acid, or boric acid. Solution in aqueous alkali gives the soluble salts of the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acids, or boric acid. Boron trifluoride, slightly soluble in many organic solvents including saturated hydrocarbons (qv), halogenated hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds, easily polymerizes unsaturated compounds such as butylenes (qv), styrene (qv), or vinyl esters, as well as easily cleaved cycHc molecules such as tetrahydrofuran (see Furan derivatives). Other molecules containing electron-donating atoms such as O, S, N, P, etc, eg, alcohols, acids, amines, phosphines, and ethers, may dissolve BF to produce soluble adducts. 

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

Most organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, and carboxyUc acids are miscible with nitroparaffins, whereas alkanes and cycloalkanes have limited solubiUty. The lower nitroparaffins are excellent solvents for coating materials, waxes, resins, gums, and dyes. 

Mineral spirits, a type of petroleum distillate popular for use in solvent-based house paints, consist mainly of aUphatic hydrocarbons with a trace of aromatics. This type of solvent finds use in oil- and alkyd-based house paints because of its good solvency with typical house paint binders and its relatively slow evaporation rate which imparts good bmshabiUty, open-time, and leveling. Other properties include lower odor, relatively lower cost, as well as safety and health hazard characteristics comparable to most other organic solvents. 

Solubility. Poly(ethylene oxide) is completely soluble in water at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures (>98° C) the solubiUty decreases. It is also soluble in several organic solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons (see Water-SOLUBLE polymers). Aromatic hydrocarbons are better solvents for poly(ethylene oxide) at elevated temperatures. SolubiUty characteristics are Hsted in Table 1. 

Physical Properties. Thionyl chloride [7719-09-7], SOCI2, is a colorless fuming Hquid with a choking odor. Selected physical and thermodynamic properties are Hsted in Table 6. Thionyl chloride is miscible with many organic solvents including chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. It reacts quickly with water to form HCl and SO2. Thionyl chloride is stable at room temperature however, slight decomposition occurs just... 

Chlorotoluene [95-49-8] (l-chloto-2-methylben2ene, OCT) is a mobile, colorless Hquid with a penetrating odor similar to chlorobenzene. It is miscible ia all proportions with many organic Hquids such as aUphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, lower alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, and di- -butylamine it is iasoluble ia water, ethylene and diethylene glycols, and triethanolamine. 

Polysulfone can be used to I70°C (340°F) it is highly resistant to mineral acid, alkali, and salt solutions as well as to detergents, oils, and alcohols. It is attacked by such organic solvents as ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Asphalt Asphalt is used as a flexible protective coating, as a bricklining membrane, and as a chemical-resisting floor covering and road surface. Resistant to acids and bases, alphalt is soluble in organic solvents such as ketones, most chlorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Physical properties of Fullerene C q. It does not melt below 360°, and starts to sublime at 300° in vacuo. It is a mustard coloured solid that appears brown or black with increasing film thickness. It is soluble in common organic solvents, particularly aromatic hydrocarbons which give a beautiful magenta colour. Toluene solutions are purple in colour. Sol in (5mg/mL), but dissolves slowly. Crysts of C o are both needles and plates. 

Suitable organic solvents, such as ether, benzene, naphtha and the like, are more soluble than in water. This makes it possible to separate them from other substances which may accompany them in the water solution but which are not soluble in the solvents employed. Hence, one application of solvent extraction is the analytical determination of unsaponifiable oils and waxes in admixture with fatty material by submitting the mixture to vigorous saponification with alcoholic potash or, if necessary, sodium ethylate, and to dilute the product with water and extract with petroleum ether. The soaps remain in the aqueous solution while the unsaponifiable oils and waxes dissolved in the ether. The addition of a salt to an aqueous solution prior to extraction is sometimes practiced in some processes. In older processes, SOj is employed in the separation of aromatic and highly saturated hydrocarbons, taking advantage of the much greater solubility of the solubility of the aromatics and... 

---