Organic hydrocarbons, aromatic

FIGURE 15.1 Scheme showing PLC group fractionation of soluble organic matter into fractions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds with application of urea clathra-tion, and methylation of carboxylic acids in polar fractions based on experimental data given in Reference 36 to Reference 52, Reference 77 to Reference 81, and Reference 88 to Reference 89. 

Biopract provides technological products and processes for industry, agriculture, and environment. They not only produce technical enzyme preparations but also develop enzymes for applications in agriculture, food, and textile industry as well as in environmental technologies. On the later, bioremediation has been an area of service delivery from Biopract. Their activities regards microbial preparations for the bioremediation of organic contaminants (mineral oil (MKW), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). 

Grob and Zurcher [36,53-55] have carried out very detailed and systematic studies of the closed loop gas stripping procedure and applied it to the determination of parts per billion of 1-chloroalkanes in water. Westerdorf [56] applied the technique to chlorinated organics and aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Grob et al. [220-223] have carried out very detailed and systematic studies of the closed-loop gas stripping procedure and applied it to the determination of xg/l of 1-chloroalkanes in water. Westerdorf [224] applied the technique to chlorinated organics, and aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Waggot and Reid [225] reported that a factor of major concern in adapting the technique to more polluted samples is the capacity of the carbon filter, which usually contains only 1.5-2 mg carbon. They showed that the absolute capacity of such a filter for a homologous series of 1-chloro-n-alkanes was 6 xg for complete recovery. 

Fig. 4.14 gives a plot of data on the partition coefficient of non-polar organic compounds (aromatic chloro hydrocarbons) to various solid phases (having different contents of organic material. Kow is inversely related to water solubility,Sw-... 

Solvents Good behaviour with most strong mineral and organic adds, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, ... 

Galassi, S., Mingazzini, M., Vigano, L., Cesareo, D., and Tosato, M.L. Approaches to modeling toxic responses of aqnatic organisms to aromatic hydrocarbons, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 16(2) 158-169, 1988. 

The nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons is one of the most widely studied and well-documented reactions in organic chemistry. Aromatic nitro compounds are of huge industrial importance in the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs, agrochemicals, polymers, solvents and perfumes, and for the synthesis of other industrially important chemicals containing amine and isocyanate functionality. However, early research into aromatic nitration was fuelled exclusively by their use as explosives and intermediates in the synthesis of dyestuffs. The former is the subject of this chapter. 

According to the vendor. Microbial Fence has been used to treat groundwater contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) at petroleum, chemical, and wood treating facilities and manufactured gas plants. Microbial Fence was used alone or in conjunction with soil venting/bioventing, aquifer aeration, pump-and-treat methods, and/or recovery of non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). 

Organic Carbon Total Benzene Extract Saturated Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nonhydrocarbons Sat./Arom. Ratio... 

Volume 2 covers oxygenated hydrocarbons (such ns organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and esters), nitrogen containing hydrocarbons, aromatic, cyclic hydrocarbons, and sulfur containing hydrocarbons... 

Heavier hydrocarbons behave similarly, although rate constants of their OH oxidation are the higher the more carbon atoms there are in the molecule (eg rate constant for pentane is of the order of 103 higher than that for methane) the oxidation is also much faster in the case of unsaturated or aromatic organic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. 

Simons process — Electrochemical polyfluorination reactions of organic compounds are the only efficient way to industrial production of perfluorinated compounds. The reaction proceeds in the solution of KF in liquid HF (b.p. 19.5 °C), where the starting substances as alcohols, amines, ethers, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons and halo-hydrocarbons, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, sulfo- or carboxylic acids are dissolved. During anodic oxidation, splitting of the C-H bonds and saturation of the C=C bonds occur and fluorine atoms are introduced. 

The production of coke by the carbonization of bituminous coal leads to the release of chemically complex emissions from coke ovens that include both gases and particulate matter of varying chemical composition. The chemical and physical properties of coke oven emissions vary depending on the constituents. The emissions include coal tar pitch volatiles (e.g., particulate polycyclic organic matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons), aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene and jS-naphthyl amine), trace metals (e.g., arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel), and gases (e.g., nitric oxides and sulfur dioxide). 

Pure mevinphos is a colorless liquid with a very mild odor or is practically odorless. Mevinphos has a molecular weight of 224.15 and a specific gravity of 1.25. It is completely miscible with water, alcohols, ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and most organic solvents. Mevinphos has a melting point of 21°C (Hs-isomer), 6.9°C (transisomer), and a boiling point of 99-103°C at 0.03 mmHg. Some commonly used trade names of mevinphos are Phosfene, Phosdrin, Mevinox, Men-iphos, Fosdrin, and Apavinphos. 

Because of their role as filtering organs, the kidneys are vulnerable to attack by a wide variety of xenobiotics, including halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, glycol ethers, pesticides, heavy metals, and metabolites of other xenobiotics. 

A large number and variety of demonstrated carcinogens, including haloalkanes, quinones, benzenoid, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic nitro compounds, aromatic amines, metals, as well as other organic and inorganic compounds have been shown to fit these criteriaJ31l... 

A case study in Sweden of 859 NHL cases has shown an association between increased NHL risk and industrial exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, mixed organic solvents, and gasoline as well as working as an automobile mechanic or painter. 92 ... 

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