Organic electronics

Keywords Conjugated polymers, polymer solar cells, organic field effect transistors, molecular orbital 

Conjugated polymers based on benzo[l,2-h 4,5-b ]dithiophene (BDT) are one of the most important classes of polymers for 

Vikas Mittal (ed.) High Performance Polymers and Engineering Plastics, (49-80) Scrivener Publishing LLC 

The first synthesis of BDT molecule was reported in as early as 1971 [11]. However, the early synthetic approach was rather 

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G. W. Wheland, Advances in Organic Chemisty, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1949, p. 42 Organic Electronic Spectral Data, Vol. 1, Interscience Pubflshers, Inc., New York, 1960, p. 545. 

Tetrathia- and tetraselenafulvalenes, polythiophenes and related compounds, polypyridines as organic electronic conductors 97YGK410. 

Polymeric and Organic Electronic Materials and Applications. MRS-Bulletin 1997, 22, 6. 

An extensive list of visible and UV peaks is given in Organic Electronic Spectral Data , Wiley, New York. Twenty-six volumes have appeared so far, covering the literature through 1984. 

It can be expected that, in the future, other organic electronic devices and circuits, such as sensors [72], radio-frequency identification tags (RFIDs) [73], and ring oscillators [74] may be fabricated using dissipative structures. 

The ET reaction between aqueous Fe(CN)g and the neutral species, TCNQ, has been investigated extensively with SECM, in parallel with microelectrochemical measurements at expanding droplets (MEMED) [84], which are discussed in Chapter 13. In the SECM studies, a Pt UME in the aqueous phase generated Fe(CN)g by reduction of Fe(CN)g. TCNQ was selected as the organic electron acceptor, because the half-wave potential for TCNQ ion transfer from DCE to water is 0.2 V more positive than that for ET from Fe(CN)g to TCNQ [85]. This meant that the measured kinetics were not compromised by TCNQ transfer from DCE to the aqueous phase within the potential window of these experiments. 

Charge-transfer adducts are formed with the gold(I) trimers [Au3(MeN=COR)3] (R = Me, Et), which act as electron donors, and organic electron acceptors as nitro-9-fluorenes. The structures of these adducts involve mixed stacks in which the gold trimers and the planar nitro-fluorenes are interleaved.3130 No luminescence has been observed from these solid charge-transfer adducts, which is not surprising since the luminescence of [Au3(MeN=COR)3] is a property that is associated with the supramolecular organization in the solid. 

Since thiophenes are regarded as being good substructures for organic electronic materials, phosphorylthiophenes are taken as reference compounds for thiophene based materials [45] and phosphorylthiophenes such as 16 are employed as synthetic intermediates for phosphoryl substituted organic electronic materials such as oligothiophenes or thienylene bridged donors (Scheme 26) [46],... 

Table 3 Oxidation potentials and ionization potentials of various classes of organic electron donors. ...

Radiation techniques, application to the study of organic radicals, 12, 223 Radical addition reactions, gas-phase, directive effects in, 16, 51 Radicals, cation in solution, formation, properties and reactions of, 13, 155 Radicals, organic application of radiation techniques, 12,223 Radicals, organic cation, in solution kinetics and mechanisms of reaction of, 20, 55 Radicals, organic free, identification by electron spin resonance, 1,284 Radicals, short-lived organic, electron spin resonance studies of, 5, 53 Rates and mechanisms of solvolytic reactions, medium effects on, 14, 1 Reaction kinetics, polarography and, 5, 1... 

Facchetti A, Yoon MH, Marks TJ (2005) Gate dielectrics for organic field-effect transistors new opportunities for organic electronics. Adv Mater 17(14) 1705-1725... 

The two metal surfaces covered by SAMs are brought into contact by the use of a micro-manipulator in the presence of a liquid medium, such as hexadecane the presence of hexadecane transforms the defects of the SAMs into insulating sites. The use of a semitransparent solid surface (Au or Ag) allows (1) evaluation of the contact area by collecting the image of the contact area by a mirror and (2) electrical measurements under irradiation of the SAMs through the Au surface. The disadvantage of Hg-based junctions is related to the environmental unfriendly characteristics of Hg, which prevent any application. For this main reason, these junctions are valuable only as versatile test-beds for organic electronics. 

Another advantage cited for organic electronics is their perceived low environmental impact and high expected consumer safety. This assumption is generally based on the notion that plastics are easily recycled and are considered safe to humans and animals. However, the materials used are often completely new compositions with poorly understood health and safety attributes. The assumption that all plastics are completely safe for humans is inaccurate, as is exemplified by recent concerns about the toxicity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).39 In contrast, most inorganic nanoparticle materials are already on the consumer market and have extensive historical data on their safety in a variety of applications. Some materials, such as zinc oxide, are even considered reasonably safe for ingestion and therefore are commonly used in food and cosmetics. However, the health effects and interactions of nanoparticles on the human body are still a topic of debate.40... 

Bock, K. 2005. Organic electronics-Towards a cost-efficient heterointegration platform for multi-functional systems. Polymers and Adhesives in Microelectronics and Photonics, Polytronic 2005. pp. 228-232. 

Petrat, F. 2006. Printed electronics—Opportunities for the chemical industry. Presented at the Organic Electronics Conference and Exhibition 2006, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany Sept. 27, 2006. 

Kim, C. Burrows, P. E. Forrest, S. R. 2000. Micropatterning of organic electronic devices by cold-welding. Science 288 831-833. 

Radicals, short-lived organic, electron spin resonance studios of, 5, 53... 

IH Campbell, S Rubin, TA Zawodzinski, JD Kress, RL Martin, DL Smith, NN Barashkov, and JP Ferraris, Controlling Schottky energy barriers in organic electronic devices using self-assembled monolayers, Phys. Rev. B, 54 R14321-R14324, 1996. 

Organic Electronic Materials Conjugated Polymers and Low Molecular Weight Organic Solids... 

Manufacturing and commercialization issues in organic electronics J.R. Sheats Journal of Materials Research, 19 1974-1989... 

S.M. Tadayyon, H.M. Grandin, K. Griffiths, P.R. Norton, H. Aziz, and Z.D. Popovic, CuPc buffer layer role in OLED performance a study of the interfacial band energies, Organ. Electron., 5 157-166 (2004). 

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