Ring-oscillator

It can be expected that, in the future, other organic electronic devices and circuits, such as sensors [72], radio-frequency identification tags (RFIDs) [73], and ring oscillators [74] may be fabricated using dissipative structures. 

Klauk, H., Hahk, M., Zschieschang, U., Eder, F., Schmid, G. and Dehm, Ch. (2003) Pentacene organic transistors and ring oscillators on glass and on flexible polymeric substrates. Appl Phys. Lett., 82, 4175-4177. 

Hiranaka, K. Yamaguchi, T. Yanagisawa, S. 1984. Self-alignment processed amorphous-silicon ring oscillators. IEEE Elec. Dev. Lett. 7 224-224. 

Figure 13.12. Images and electrical measurements of integrated circuits that use semiconductor wires and ribbons on plastic, (a) Silicon ribbon five-stage ring oscillator and (b) differential amplifier. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 87. Copyright 2007 American Institute of Physics.) (c) GaAs logic gates. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 86. Copyright 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag.)...

Fig. 13 Monolayer KETs assembled on SU8 organic gate dielectric layers configured to form different circuits, (a) dc transfer characteristics of an inverter at different supply voltages (Rdd) (b) output characteristics of a 7-stage ring oscillator, and (c) output of a 4-bit code generator (continuous line) and the preprogrammed code (dotted line)...

The application of classical Raman spectroscopy, using the mercury radiation at A 253.6 nm as the excitation source, permitted recording20 of more than 20 peaks for sucrose below 500 cm-1. The observed frequencies below 100 cm"1 were interpreted as due to inter-ring oscillations, which was also the conclusion reached from a far-infrared study84 of glucose and sucrose. 

As early as 1982, a diode laser-pumped miniature NdtYAG laser with a linewidlh of less lhan 10 kHz. was demonstrated. The research in this area continued apace at Stanford University and by a numher of commercial electronics limis. w ith emphasis placed on ihe development of three-level lasers. Q-switched and mode-locked operation, single-frequency operation (monolithic nonplanar ring oscillator), visible radiation by harmonic generation, and array-pumped solid-slate lasers. See Fig. ft. 

As seen from Fig. 15, in the case of unprotonated aromatic para carbons, a phenyl ring yr-flip does not change the orientation of the chemical shift anisotropy tensor components and, thus, this yr-flip does not affect the NMR response of such para carbons, whereas phenyl ring oscillations do. 

In spite of the lower density, the trans to cis (or vice-versa) carbonate conformation change under stress, requires a higher value of cy relative to BPA-PC, as shown in Fig. 70. Furthermore, the gradual increase in amplitude of the phenyl ring oscillations and the occurrence of phenyl ring tt-flips around 50 °C only, leads to a smooth decrease of oy over the whole temperature range. 

Fig. 3. Experimental demonstration of one-, two- and three-transistor logic circuits with CNTFETs [41]. Output voltages as a function of the input voltage are given for (A) an inverter, (B) a NOR gate, (C) a static random access memory cell (SRAM) and (D) a ring oscillator.

Fig. 6.17. (a) Photograph of a five-stage ring oscillators with... 

Fig. 8.14. Electrical characteristics of a pentacene TFT and output signal from a five-stage pentacene ring oscillator, both fabricated on reel-to-reel aluminized PET.

Fig. 13.13. Switching frequency of seven-stage ring oscillators as a function of channel length, L. Open circles Vgs = 0 V logic. Closed squares diode-connected logic. The dashed line shows the proportionality to n/l2.

Brown, A.R. Pomp, A. Hart, C.M. and de Leeuw, D.M. (1995) Logic gates made from polymer transistors and their use in ring oscillators. Logic Gates Made form Polymer Transistors and Their Use in Ring Oscillators. Science 270, 972-974. 

Differences between baseline and analyte-induced output are magnified if responses of more complex circuits are observed. For example, the frequency of a ring oscillator changes by a larger relative amount in response to analyte exposure than does the mobility of one of its constituent OFET [39]. Although responses to different analytes of a particular semiconductor and sensitivities of different semiconductors to a particular analyte were distinguishable, this selectivity was purely empirical, in no way designed into the active materials of the OFET. 

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