Chlorine in organic combination

Determination of Chlorine in Organic Combination in the Coal Substance... 

In his investigations on Indian coals, the author proved for the first time the existence of chlorine in organic combination in the coal substance It was found that in all the ten coals examined, the proportion of chlorine in organic combination was appreciable and in some cases its proportion rose to 30-36 percent of the total chlorine ... 

Hydrolysis with ethanolic KOH helps in the conversion of organically combined chlorine to KC1 which after due acidification with HN03 is assayed by Volhard s Method. 

In addition to the analysis of the thermal stability of the perchloric acid organic reaction media mixtures, a procedure was worked out to determine the fate of the perchloric acid by chlorine analysis of the batch, effluent streams, etc. Preliminary analyses on selected process samples showed no tendency for perchloric acid to concentrate in recycle material and therefore build up in the reactor. A total of less than 1% of the initial charge of perchloric acid (total chlorides calculated as perchloric acid) was found in the combined recovered acid-ester and olefin fractions. Less than 1 % of the initial charge of perchloric acid was found in the finished ester. The analytical method used was an oxygen bomb decomposition, followed by titration of chlorides with 0.0liV silver nitrate, using a recording automatic titrator. The eventual fate of the perchloric acid catalyst was... 

Selenium resembles sulphur in its variations in valency, compounds being known in which the element is definitely bivalent, quadrivalent and sexavalent, respectively. The tendency to quadrivalency, however, is greater than in the case of sulphur, and the compounds formed in which this valency is exhibited are relatively more stable in the case of selenium than in the case of sulphur.5 Thus, whilst the bivalent selenium in organic selenides readily combines with a molecular proportion of chlorine or other halogen,5 sexavalent selenium in the selenates is easily reduced to the quadrivalent selenious condition. As with sulphur, it has been possible to demonstrate that in quadrivalent selenium the four valencies are disposed in three dimensions of space, since substances of the type... 

Total chlorine is the sum of free and combined chlorine (defined as the residual chlorine existing in water in chemical combination with ammonia or organic amines). Total chlorine reacts with V,V-(l-naphthyl)-l,2-ethylendiamine hydrochloride and potassium iodide the compound formed is titrated as stated above. 

Flame Volatile and Silicate Sodium in Coal. Sodium is rapidly volatilized in the flame when it occurs in a non-silicate compound form, chiefly associated with chlorine in bituminous coals and combined with organic compounds in the lignite and sub-bituminous fuels. The fraction of sodium combined with coal silicates remains largely involatile in the pulverized fuel flame. 

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