Operational diameter

Relating the equivalent measure of a fineparticle to its physical properties is not always easy and for this reason what is known as an operational diameter of the fineparticle is sometimes used. Thus, the equivalent area of the carbonblack of Figure 1.1 (a) is probably related to the opacity of the fineparticle when it is used as a pigment. However, if it is to be used to be part of a defensive smoke screen in a military operation the opacity of the profile, with respect to scattered light, has to be measured and in this situation some of the diffractometer measurements discussed in Chapter 6, may be a more direct measure of the operational behavior of the profile. 

Soot fmeparticles produced by a combustion processes are similar in structure to the carbonblack profile of Figure 1.1 (a). When one is looking at the dispersal dynamics of a smoke and/or the health hazards of the smoke fineparticles, one must use an operational diameter known as the aerodynamic diameter. The aerodynamic diameter is the size of the smooth dense sphere of unit density which has the same dynamic behavior as the soot particle. Several procedures for measuring the aerodynamic diameter of airborne fineparticles will be discussed in various chapters of this book. 

Main steamline section and weld of the same Unit 4 f600 MW3 as above the weld connects 2 steamline sections of different materials (stainless steel and low-alloy steel) through a transition material section, ahead of the Y-piece where branching of the turbine inlet lines takes place (255 mm internal diameter, 44.5 mm thickness). Ultrasonic inspection pointed out potential integrity problems in the weld. The requirement was again that AE could support safe operation of the weld until the next incoming planned maintenance shutdown. 

The report contains also other information which needs to be performed according to the standard [7] date, rope indification, rope diameter and construction, length of rope examined, inspection speed etc. Thus, a user gets the document obtained without very long and subjective data processing by a skilled and experienced operator. 

Fig. 1 The view of the polar display with monitors arcs and control panel for SFT6000N board parameters. Recorded signal is from the eddy current probe moved along in a brass tube of inner diameter 20 mm with 2 mm holes as artificial flaws. SFT6000N card operates with 40 kHz injection voltage firequency.

A second turntable with a higher maximum speed can carry objects with a size up to 300 mm in diameter and a weight up to 250 kg. This turntable can be fixed both, at the front-side and at the back-side of the main turntable. In this manner the operator can make use of the full length of the radiation fan also in the case of small objects. 

In this work, a microwave interferometric method and apparatus for vibration measurements is described. The principle of operation is based on measurement of the phase of reflected electromagnetic wave changing due to vibration. The most important features of the method are as follows simultaneous measurement of tlie magnitude and frequency of the rotating object high measurement accuracy weak influence of the roll diameter, shape and distance to the object under test. Besides, tlie reflecting surface can be either metallic or non-metallic. Some technical characteristics are given. 

The first example refers to the detection of a 1mm side drilled hole at a depth of 45 mm in a polyethylene plastic material. Due to the high sound absorption in plastics, a low operating frequency is chosen. A probe having a 1 MHz element of 24 mm diameter was selected for this example. The echo pattern of a conventional probe with a PZT transducer is pre-... 

Besides large-diameter pipes, ultrasonic testing is used for checking the welded joints of drill bits, components of wind-driven electric plants, welded joints of light alloys and non-metallic materials, for an integrated inspection of various objects. A range of training aids developed at the Institute allows the operators to be trained effectively. 

Conventional covermeters operating on the principle of electro-magnetic fields are capable of determining depth of cover to reinforcement down to about 100 mm with an accuracy of 5 % provided the bar diameter is known and the spacing between individual bars is greater than about 150 mm. If bars are spliced then the covermeter will underestimate the cover depth. 

Scale of Operation Voltammetry is routinely used to analyze samples at the parts-per-million level and, in some cases, can be used to detect analytes at the parts-per-billion or parts-per-trillion level. Most analyses are carried out in conventional electrochemical cells using macro samples however, microcells are available that require as little as 50 pL of sample. Microelectrodes, with diameters as small as 2 pm, allow voltammetric measurements to be made on even smaller samples. For example, the concentration of glucose in 200-pm pond snail neurons has been successfully monitored using a 2-pm amperometric glucose electrode. ... 

Samples and calibration standards are prepared for analysis using a 10-mL syringe. Add 10.00 mL of each sample and standard to separate 14-mL screw-cap vials containing 2.00 mL of pentane. Shake vigorously for 1 min to effect the separation. Wait 60 s for the phases to separate. Inject 3.0-pL aliquots of the pentane layer into a GC equipped with a 2-mm internal diameter, 2-m long glass column packed with a stationary phase of 10% squalane on a packing material of 80/100 mesh Chromosorb WAW. Operate the column at 67 °C and a flow rate of 25 mL/min. 

The calculation shows how rapidly a droplet changes in diameter with time as it flows toward the plasma flame. At 40°C, a droplet loses 90% of its size within alxtut 1.5 sec, in which time the sweep gas has flowed only about 8 cm along the tube leading to the plasma flame. Typical desolvation chambers operate at 150°C and, at these temperatures, similar changes in diameter will be complete within a few milliseconds. The droplets of sample solution lose almost all of their solvent (dry out) to give only residual sample (solute) particulate matter before reaching the plasma flame. 

To accommodate smaller liquid flows of about 10 pl/min, micro-ultrasonic nebulizers have been designed. Although basically similar in operation to standard ultrasonic nebulizers, in these micro varieties, the end of a very-small-diameter capillary, through which is pumped the sample solution, is in contact with the surface of the transducer. This arrangement produces a thin stream of solution that runs down and across the center of the face of the transducer. The stream of sample... 

Wagner and DUlont have described a low-shear viscometer in which the inside diameter of the outer, stationary cylinder is 30 mm and the outside diameter of the inner, rotating cylinder is 28 mm the rotor is driven by an electromagnet. The device operates at 135°C and was found to be free of wobble and turbulence for shear rates between 3 and 8 sec V The conversion of Eq. (2.7) to Eq. (2.9) shows that F/A = (i7)(dv/dr) (instrument constant) for these instruments Evaluate the instrument constant for this viscometer. 

The first polyatomic molecule was detected in 1968 with use of a telescope having a dish 6.3 m in diameter at Hat Creek, California, USA, designed to operate in the millimetre wave region. Emission lines were found in the 1.25 cm wavelength region due to NH3. The transitions are not rotational but are between the very closely spaced 2 = 0 and 2 = 1 levels of the inversion vibration V2 (see Section 6.2.5.4). 

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