Pond snails

Scale of Operation Voltammetry is routinely used to analyze samples at the parts-per-million level and, in some cases, can be used to detect analytes at the parts-per-billion or parts-per-trillion level. Most analyses are carried out in conventional electrochemical cells using macro samples however, microcells are available that require as little as 50 pL of sample. Microelectrodes, with diameters as small as 2 pm, allow voltammetric measurements to be made on even smaller samples. For example, the concentration of glucose in 200-pm pond snail neurons has been successfully monitored using a 2-pm amperometric glucose electrode. ... 

Russo, J. and Lagidick, L., Effects of environmental concentrations of atrazine on hemocyte density and phagocytic activity of pond snails Lymnea stagnalis, Environ. Pollut., 127, 303, 2004. 

Legierse, K.C.H.M., Sijm, D.T.H.M., van Leeuwen, C.J., Seinen, W., and Mermens, J.L.M. Bioconcentration kinetics of chlorobenzenes and the organophosphorus pesticide chlorthion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis n comparison with the guppy Poecilia reticulata, Aquat. Toxicol., 41(3) 301-323, 1998. 

Wilbrink, M., Van de Merbel, N.C., Vermeulen, N.P.E. (1991). Glutathione S-transferase activity in the digestive gland of the pond snail Lymnea stagnalis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 98 185-189. 

Legierse, K. C. H. M., W. H. J. Vaes, T. Sinnige, and J. L. M. Hermens, Distribution of chlorobenzenes and the organophosphorous pesticide chlorthion in the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) A multi-compartment model based on partitioning to polar lipids, neutral lipids and pond snail protein, Ph.D. thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 1998,... 

Figure 12.10. (a) Electrokinetic microinjector and (b) electropherogram generated from the removal and separation of cytoplasm samples from single nerve cells of Planorbis corneus, a pond snail.8 [Reprinted, by permission, from R. A. Wallingford and A. G. Ewing, Anal. Chem. 60 (No. 18), 1988, 1972-1975. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection in 12.7 pm Diameter Columns . 1988 by American Chemical Society.]... 

Rose, R.M. P.R. Benjamin. 1981. Interaeuronal control of feeding in the pond snail Lymnea stagnalis. II. The intemeuronal mechanisms generating feeding cycles. J. Exp. Biol. 92 202-28. 

Boer, H. H., Schot, L. P. C., Roubos, E. W, Maat, A., Lodder, J. C., Reichelt, D., and Swaab, D F. (1979) ACTH-like immunoreactivity in two electrotonically coupled giant neurons in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Cell Tissue Res. 202,231—240. 

In particular, neurochemistry has found CE especially useful for quantifying neurotransmitter concentrations in single cells. Since important cellular processes such as neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release are affected by the cytoplasmic concentrations of neurotransmitters, methods to sample and quantify cytoplasmic concentrations of neurotransmitters from single invertebrate cells have been developed. Invertebrate neurons are particularly amenable for sampling because they can be quite large, for example, the giant dopamine neuron of pond snails is 200 p,m... 

Wilbrink M, De Vries J, Vermeulen NPE, Janse C, De Vlieger TA (1987) Effects of dihalogenated biphenyls on various functional parameters in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Comp Biochem Physiol 87A 1026-1031... 

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