Measurement equivalents

The equivalent widths were determined using gaussian fit and the atmospheric models were computed using OSMARCS code improved by [6,3]. When it was not possible to measure equivalent width, the abundance was directly determined by using spectrum synthesis. 

Whatever the technique used, it is important to note that (i) only an equivalent viscosity can be determined, (ii) the response of a probe may be different in solvents of the same viscosity but of different chemical nature and structure, (iii) the measured equivalent viscosity often depends on the probe and on the fluorescence technique. Nevertheless, the relative variations of the diffusion coefficient resulting from an external perturbation are generally much less dependent on the technique and on the nature of the probe. Therefore, the fluorescence techniques are very valuable in monitoring changes in fluidity upon an external perturbation such as temperature, pressure and addition of compounds (e.g. cholesterol added to lipid vesicles alcohols and oil added to micellar systems). 

Onsager equation phys chem An equation which relates the measured equivalent conductance of a solution at a certain concentration to that of the pure solvent. 6n,sag-ar i,kwa zhan )... 

In expressing a rate we may use any measure equivalent to concentration (for example, partial pressure), in which case... 

V(w), Vc(o>) w w W wM W(SX) x, x Fourier transforms of voltages v(t), vc(t) entrance-slit width detector width equivalent width measured equivalent width equivalent width expressed as a series generalized independent variables and arguments of various functions, in places given specifically in cm-1... 

The measure equivalences are used to convert from one measure to another. You may need to do more than one computation if there isn t a direct equivalence between units — such as changing inches to yards or yards to miles. 

This behavior is exceptional. Nevertheless, the assumption that pAR and p AR measure equivalent trends in carbocation stability needs to be treated with caution. Richard and coworkers measured values of pAR to assess the influence of (3-fluoro substituents on the stability of the a-methyl /)-mcUioxybcn/yi cation 58 (R = Me). As indicated in Scheme 29, replacement of an a-methyl by an a-trifluoromethyl group decreases the stability of the carbocation by 7 powers of 10 in AR. 221... 

Mathematical derivation of the Z value equation permits the calculation of a single quantitative expression for effective time exposure at the desired temperature for sterilization. The F value measures equivalent time, not clock time, that a monitored article is exposed to the desired temperature (e.g., 121°C). F values are calculated from the following equation ... 

Sneden, Gratton, Crocker 1991, McWilliam et al. 1995). Additional advantages are the convenient rest wavelengths of the Zn II and Cr II transitions, which at z = 2 — 3 (where DLAs are most numerous in current samples) are redshifted into a easily observed portion of the optical spectrum, and the inherently weak nature of these lines which ensures that they are nearly always on the linear part of the curve of growth, where column densities can be derived with confidence from the measured equivalent widths (e.g. Bechtold 2002). 

In the next example outlined in Table 9.4, a cold (2°C), surface-near (1 atm) ocean water sample has been modeled. In zones of high latitudes, where this water type occurs, a partial pressure of 280 patm has been measured (equivalent to a pCO of 0.00028 atm or a log pCO of -3.55) which is somewhat lower than determined in the atmosphere. Here, the atmosphere displays a CO -gradient directed toward the ocean into which CO is continually taken up. 

For processes with AH = 40 kJ moP microcalorimeters can detect reaction rates corresponding to 6 pmol month" Alternatively, for first-order rate constants of 10 ° s" half-lives of 200 years can be conveniently measured (equivalent to reaction rates of 0.3% per year). For examples of various aspects of isothermal microcalorimetry, see Refs. 146-148. 

One of the early uses of limiting conductances was to determine the degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes. Arrhenius suggested that, at any given concentration, the measured equivalent conductance (when compared to the limiting equivalent conductance where all ions are dissociated) should be a measure of the degree of dissociation, a. This can be expressed as... 

In this equation both summations involve all input reflections for which more than one symmetry equivalent are averaged. (F ) is the mean value of all measured equivalents. 

Therefore, spectroelectrochemical experiments may be used to obtain more than just data to identify the nature of the reaction intermediate. The spatial distribution and concentration gradients of reactants and products give direct insight into the reaction mechanism of a particular electrode process [63], A spectroelectrochemical technique with high spatial resolution can yield very valuable data. However, the experimental approach shown, for example, in Fig. II.6.2 can be seen to give an absorbance measurement equivalent to the integral value of all the material produced in the diffusion layer without spatial resolution. 

Wine Gallon A United States gallon of liquid measure equivalent to the volume of 231.2 cubic inches. 

Measurements of speed of sound can only show the change in the overall composition. Therefore, to sense and quantify the change in individual components, a commercial device was used to monitor the concentrations of different gaseous components. Based on measuring speed of sound and thermal conductivity, this device measures equivalent concentration of methane, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 

From these results, it is clear that sll hydrate formation decreases the propane to methane equivalent ratio. This change becomes detectable from 5 bbl/MMscf. The main advantage of this device is that it can measure equivalent concentration of both methane and propane imlike the SoS device which could only detect the overall change in composition. 

For the operation of soxmd level meters of different types the safety adviser should refer to the manufacturer s instruction book. The prime requirement for any instrument for noise measurement is that it should not be more sophisticated than necessary and it should be easy to use and calibrate. A typical sound level meter for use by the safety adviser should have the facility for measuring dBA and octave band soxmd pressure levels. More sophisticated meters have facilities for measuring equivalent noise level (Leq, Lepci) (see section 3.5.6) and xmderlaking statistic analysis. 

Moura-Ramos and Williams have studied LC siloxane polymer P/Si/8/CN in the pressure range 0.1-152 MPa, the temperature range 50-75°C, and the frequency range 10-10 Hz. The substance exhibits a smectic phase between 363 K (the clearing temperature) and 274 K (the glass transition temperature, T ). Dielectric studies were performed with disk samples placed between metal electrodes of a three-terminal high-pressure cell. The results are presented as loss curves in terms of G/w = e"C , where G is the measured equivalent parallel conductivity of the sample, e" is the dielectric loss factor, and Q the inter-electrode geometric capacitance. 

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