Electro-magnetic fields

Conventional covermeters operating on the principle of electro-magnetic fields are capable of determining depth of cover to reinforcement down to about 100 mm with an accuracy of 5 % provided the bar diameter is known and the spacing between individual bars is greater than about 150 mm. If bars are spliced then the covermeter will underestimate the cover depth. 

A strong electro-magnetic field, such as that generated by large mill motors, accelerates cable oscillation. In these instances, the vibration generated by the cable will mask real machine vibration. 

Hamiltonian quantum states. Two situations can be envisaged. In the first one, the system moves stepwise from the APC states to the interconversion complex. We assume that the i-th state of the active precursor is populated i f > at a given time to, and if f> is intermediate Hamiltonian state that are coupled by the electro-magnetic field. 

The great English scientist saw in these positive rays a possible vindication of Soddy s isotopes with which he had just ruffled the chemical world He argued that if these ions came from atoms of the same element having different atomic weights, then some means could be found to separate the element into its various isotopes. A powerful electro-magnetic field could sort them out very neatly since the lighter ions would be deflected most. 

Aston mastered this new approach to an extremely delicate analysis of the chemical elements and developed it with surprising accuracy. A narrow beam of positive rays was passed into an electro-magnetic field which bent the stream of ions. This deflected beam of rays was then photographed on a sensitized plate. If the stream of ions was composed of atoms of equal mass only one band of light appeared on the plate. Positive rays consisting of atoms of different masses, however, were split into an electric spectrum, the number of bands depending upon the number of isotopes. Even the relative proportion of the isotopes could be determined from the size and darkness of the bands on Aston s mass spectrograph. ... 

Fig. 11.4 Schemes demonstrating two SERS mechanisms, (a) Local field concentration near the gap between two particles [19]. The white spheres and polygons are silver, and the color scale bar indicates the electro-magnetic field enhancement. The separation distance is 1 and 5.5 nm for the first and second columns, respectively. The wavelength of the incident field is 514.5 nm with vertical polarization, and (b) Possible charge transfer excitations between molecule and metal [22]. The occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals are broadened by the molecule-metal interactions. Metal-to-molecule and molecule-to-metal charge transfers are indicated by arrows...

For a single particle of mass m and charge q, moving in the potential V(r) (e.g., from nuclei), that is being exposed to an external electro-magnetic field, the Hamilton operator becomes... 

Nonlinear optics is primarily concerned with the response of a dielectric material to a strong electro-magnetic field. The polarization x thus induced in a molecule can be written as [1]. 

Study on effect of gas adsorptive constant under electro magnetic fields exerted... 

The Ramsey principle for the interaction of an atom moving in time through different electro-magnetic fields can be also realized in a completely different way. Atoms in a collimated beam are irradiated with an equidistant pulse train from a laser beam travelling collinearly with the atomic beam (Fig. 9.64). The distance Af between successive pulses corresponds to the flight time of molecules between the separated fields in the classical Ramsey method. 

Kanematsu H, Sasaki S, Miura Y, Kogo T, Sano K, Wada N, Yoshitake M, Tanaka T (2015) Composite coating to control biofihn formation and effect of alternate electro-magnetic field. Mater Technol 30(Bl) 21-26... 

M. Blank, E. Findl, (Ed.), Mechanistic Approaches to Interactions of Electric and Electro-magnetic Fields with Living Systems, Plenum Press, New York, London, 1987. 

These simulations are valid for the air-core coil based conductivity measurements with infinite size of metal plates, consisting of one or several metal layers. The infinite size is typically not very significant constraint for real-life measurements, as the eddy current electro-magnetic fields are decreasing quickly in the media. Only a few millimetres larger metal plate than the sensor s size is typically enough to have reasonably precise results. 

When we come to deal with neutrino scattering we shall have a current that is not conserved and the F3 type form factor will appear. The form factors Fi,F2 are defined in such a way that for q = 0, which physically corresponds to the proton interacting with a static electro-magnetic field, one has... 

A cyclotron is a special type of accelerator that speeds charged particles by applying periodic pushes from an electro-magnetic field that is generated around a circular track. The particles gather speed with each push and, when they reach sufficient velocity, can be directed off track to irradiate a target material. 

Kikuchi, H. 1957. Electro-magnetic field on infinite wire at high frequencies above plane-earth. /. lEE Jpn. 77 721-733. 

The summation runs over repeated indices, /r, is the i-th component of the induced electric dipole moment and , are components of the applied electro-magnetic field. The coefficients aij, Pijic and Yijki are components of the linear polarizability, the first hyperpolarizability, and the second hyperpolarizability tensor, respectively. The first term on the right hand side of eq. (12) describes the linear response of the incident electric field, whereas the other terms describe the nonhnear response. The ft tensor is responsible for second order nonlinear optical effects such as second harmonic generation (SHG, frequency AotAAin, frequency mixing, optical rectification and the electro-optic effect. The ft tensor vanishes in a centrosymmetric envirorunent, so that most second-order nonlinear optical materials that have been studied so far consists of non-centrosyrmnetric, one-dimensional charge-transfer molecules. At the macroscopic level, observation of the nonlinear optical susceptibility requires that the molecular non-symmetry is preserved over the physical dimensions of the bulk stmcture. 

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