Onchocerca

Avermectins and Ivermectin. The avermectias are pentacycHc lactones isolated from fermentation products of Streptomjces avermitilis and ivermectin is a semisynthetic chemical, 22,23-dihydroavermectia (46). Ivermectin is effective in very low doses for the control of red spider mites on deciduous fmits, in baits for the control of imported fire ants, and as a parasiticide for Onchocerca volvulus in humans and for catde gmbs. These insecticides appear to function as agonists for the neuroinhibitory transmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (see Antiparasitic agents, avermectins). 

Eqvalan, off-white powder, mp 4 p-g/mL water. filariasis Onchocerca 15... 

Many parasitic worms cause systemic infections outside the gastrointestinal tract. These include Strong loides stercoralis (threadworm), Trichinella spiralis Dracunculus medinensis and the several species of nematodes that cause filariasis (Mansonellaperstans and Onchocerca volvulus). 

Diethylcarbama2iae has limited antimicrofilarial activity against Onchocerca volvulus. Adults of W. bancrofti the filarial worm causiag elephantiasis, coil in the lymph system. Here females can attain a length of 10 cm. Over the years, tissue reactions result in obstmction to lymph return. Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and the spleen become enlarged. The condition of elephantiasis is a late and unusual complication of filariasis, where the lower extremities of the body become edematous, enlarge, and over a period of time harden with a rough nodular skin. 

Table 4. Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine Against Onchocerca volvulus Infections ...

Keddie, E.M., Higazi, T. and Unnasch, T.R. (1998) The mitochondrial genome of Onchocerca volvulus, sequence, structure and phylogenetic analysis. Molecuhr and BiochemicalParasitohgy 95, 111—127. 

Brattig, N.W., Rathjens, U., Ernst, M., Geisinger, F., Tischendorf, F.W. and Renz, A. (2000) Lipopolysaccharide-like molecules from Wolbachia endobacteria of the filaria Onchocerca volvulus are candidate mediators in the sequence of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of human monocytes. Microbes and Infection2, 1—11. 

Determann, A., Mehlhom, H. and Ghaffar, F.A. (1997) Electron microscope observations on Onchocerca ochengi and O. fasciata (Nematoda Filarioidea). Parasitology Research 83, 591—603. 

Franz, M. and Buttner, D.W. (1983) The fine structure of adult Onchocerca volvulus. IV. The hypodermal chords of the female worm. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologic 34, 122-128. 

Franz, M. and Copeman, D.B. (1988) The fine structure of male and female Onchocerca gibsoni. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39 (Supplement 4), 466 68. 

Henkle-Duhrsen, K., Eckelt, V.H., Wildenburg, G., Blaxter, M. and Walter, R.D. (1998) Gene structure, activity and localization of a catalase from intracellular bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 96, 69-81. 

Kozek, W.J. and Figueroa, M. (1977) Intracytoplasmic bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26, 663—678. 

M. B., Tanya, V.N., Donnely, M.J. and Trees, A.J. (2000) Macrofilaricidal activity of tetracycline against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi elimination of Wolbachia precedes worm death and suggests a dependent relationship. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267, 1063-1069. 

Plenge-Bonig, A., Kromer, M. and Buttner, D.W. (1995) Light and electron microscopy studies on Onchocerca jakutensis and O. flexuosa of red deer show different host-parasite interactions. Parasitology Research 81, 66-73. 

Townson, S., Siemienska, J., Hollik, L. and Hutton, D. (1999) The activity of rifampicin, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol against Onchocerca linealis and O. gutturosa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 123-124. 

Lu, W.H., Egerton, G.L., Bianco, A.E. and Williams, S.A. (1998) Thioredoxin peroxidase from Onchocerca volvulus a major hydrogen peroxide detoxifying enzyme in filarial parasites. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 91, 221-235. 

Lustigman, S. (1993) Molting, enzymes and new targets for chemotherapy of Onchocerca volvulus. Parasitology Today 9, 294-297. 

Lustigman, S., Brotman, B., Huima, T., Prince, A.M. and McKerrow, J.H. (1992) Molecular-cloning and characterization of onchocystatin, a cysteine proteinase-inhibitor of Onchocerca volvulus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 17339-17346. 

Sakwe, A.M. and Titanji, V.P.K. (1997) Evidence for increased hydroxylation of pyrrolidone amino acid residues in the cuticle of mature Onchocerca volvulus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta- Molecular Basis of Disease 1360, 196-202. 

Wilson, W.R., Tuan, R.S., Shepley, K.J., Freedman, D.O., Greene, B.M., Awadzi, K. and Unnasch, T.R. (1994) The Onchocerca volvulus homologue of the multifunctional polypeptide protein disulfide isomerase. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 68, 103-117. 

Brydon, L.J., Gooday, G.W., Chappell, L.H. and King, T.P. (1987) Chitin in egg shells of Onchocerca gibsoni and Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 25, 267—272. 

Harrison, R.A., Wu, Y., Egerfou, G. and Bianco, A.E. (1999) DNA immunisation with Onchocerca volvulus chitinase induces partial protection against infection with L3 in mice. Vaccine 18, 647-655. 

Strote, G. and Bonow, I. (1991) Morphological demonstration of essential functional changes after in vitro and in vivo transition of infective Onchocerca volvulus to the post-infective stage. Parasitology Research 77, 526-535. 

Wu, Y., Adam, R, Williams, S.A. and Bianco, A.E. (1996) Chitinase genes expressed by infective larvae of the filarial nematodes, Acanthocheihnema viteae and Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 75, 207—219. 

Lobos, E., Weiss, N., Karam, M., Taylor, H.R., Ottesen, E.A. and Nutman, T.B. (1991) An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen a specific and early marker of infection. Science 251, 1603-1605. 

Kennedy, M.W., Garside, L.H., Goodrick, L.E., McDermott, L., Brass, A., Price, N.C., Kelly, S.M., Cooper, A. and Bradley, J.E. (1997) The Ov20 protein of the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus. A structurally novel class of small helix-rich retinol-binding protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 29442-29448. 

Nirmalan, N., Cordeiro, N.J.V., Klager, S.L., Bradley, J.E. and Allen, J.E. (1999) Comparative analysis of glycosylated and non-glycosylated filarial homologues of the 20-kilodalton retinol binding protein from Onchocerca volvulus (Ov20). Infection and Immunity 67, 6239-6334. 

Tree, T.I.M., Gillespie, A.J., Shepley, K.J., Blaxter, M.L., Tuan, R.S. and Bradley, J.E. (1995) Characterisation of an immunodominant glycoprotein antigen of Onchocerca volvulus with homologues in other filarial nematodes and Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 69, 185-195. 

Taylor, M.J., Cross, H.F., Mohammed, A.A., Trees, A.J. and Bianco, A.E. (1996) Susceptibility of Brugia malayi and Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae to nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in cell-free culture and from IFN gamma-activated macrophages. Parasitology 112, 315-322. 

Wanni, N.O., Strote, G., Rubaale, T. and Brattig, N.W. (1997) Demonstration of immunoglobulin G antibodies against Onchocerca volvulus excretory-secretory antigens in different forms and stages of onchocerciasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 226-230. 

Wuhrer, M., Rickhoff, S., Dennis, R.D., Lochnit, G., Soboslay, P.T., Baumeister, S. and Geyer, R. (2000) Phosphocholine-containing, zwitterionic glycosphingo-lipids of adult Onchocerca volvulus as highly conserved antigenic structures of parasitic nematodes. BiochemicalJournal 348, 417-423. 

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