Olive wastewater

Borja, R., Martin, A., and Garrido, A. 1993. Anaerobic digestion of black olive wastewaters. 

Brenes, M., Garcia, P., Romero, C., and Garrido, A. 2000. Treatment of green table olive wastewaters by an activated-sludge process. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 75, 459-463. 

Lo Scalzo, R., and M. L. Scarpati. A new secoiridoid from olive wastewaters. J Nat Prod 1993 56(4) 621-623. Montedoro, G., M. Servilli, M. Baldioli, R. Selvaggini, E. Miniati, and A. Macchioni. Simple and hydrolyzable compounds in virgin olive oil. 3. Spectroscopic characterizations of the secoiridoid derivatives. J Agr Food Chem 1993 41(11) 2226-2234. 

Taking into account the high amounts of wastewater produced by the process of extraction of olive oil, and their chemical composition, in this study, 22 wt % of olive wastewater (OW) or olive oil wastewater (OOW) was used instead of fresh water (FW) on the stage of compression or extrusion molding. The technological properties of the ceramic bricks with waste were compared with those with added fresh water, hi addition, the results obtained by extrusion and compression will be compared, in order to evaluate whether the waste bricks are attractive for an industrial implementation. The use of these effluents used to mix clays when preparing paste for bricks could provide a solution to an environmental problem. 

Clay was supplied by a clay quarry located in Bailen, Jaen (Spain) and was obtained by mixing three types of raw clay in equal parts red, yellow and black clay. Clay was crushed and ground to yield a powder with a particle size suitable to pass through a 150 pm sieve. The waste, olive wastewater and olive oil wastewater were supplied by a local olive oil extraction plant and used directly without any prior pretreatment. The ceramic paste for the extrusion was prepared by adding fresh water (FW) or residue resulting from olive oil extraction (OW or OOW) to the clay in a mixer. The amoimt of added water in the mixer depends on clay plasticity and on its consistency while performing the extrusion. In the present work 22 wt % of FW, OW or OOW was added to the clay. The same value as used at industrial scale for this kind of clay mixture. Extrusion was carried out in a laboratory Venco extruder. Extruded test pieces were dried at room temperature for about 24 h, and then heated in an oven at 110 °C until constant weight for at least 24 h. 

Table 4. Technological properties of construction bricks made from using mixing water, fresh water, olive wastewater and olive oil wastewater formed by extrusion and...

Olive mill wastewater Water for irrigation and/ Greece UF/NF/RO... 

Paraskeva CA, Papadakis VG, Kanellopoulou DG et al (2007) Membrane filtration of olive mill wastewater and exploitation of its fractions. Water Environ Res 79 79-85... 

On the other hand, agricultural wastes can be alternatively used as substrates for edible biomass production. Cotton plant stalks [8], maize residues [9], olive milling wastewater [10] have been tested for cultivation of Pleurotus sp. fruiting body. 

Mechichi T, M Labat, J-L Garcia, P Thomas, BKC Patel (1999) Sporobacterium olearium gen. nov., sp. nov., a new methanethiol-producing bacterium that degrades aromatic compounds, isolated from an olive mill wastewater treatment digester. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 1741-1748. 

Specific effluents have also been subjected to WRF-mediated remediation studies. Decolourization, dechlorination and detoxification of highly toxic bleach plant effluents derived from the pulp and paper industry have been reported [26-28], while degradation and decolourization of synthetic dyes due to the non-specificity of the LMEs have been widely documented [29, 30], Likewise, treatment of the acidic, phenolic-rich olive oil mill wastewater has shown COD reduction, decolourization and dephenolization [31-34],... 

Manufacturing of olive oil is of fundamental economic importance for many Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Italy, Greece, Spain. ..). However this process involves an intensive consumption of water and produces large amounts of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), that is released without any treatment into the aquatic environment causing deleterious environmental effects [1]. OMWs are a serious environmental and social problem in Mediterranean countries [2], due to the high pollutant load, seasonal discharge, type and quality of the pollutants and difficulties to find technically and economically favourable solution. 

In the present study, we have focused our attention on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of p-coumaric acid over (Al-Fe)PILC. This phenolic molecule was chosen as a representative of the biologically recalcitrant polyphenolic compounds present in olive oil processing and wine distillery wastewaters. 

In the present work, a Cu-13X zeolite sample was ceramized and used as a catalyst for the wet oxidation of phenol solutions and olive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW). The material showed good catalytic activity for the abatement of phenol and poly-phenols, excellent stability and no leaching of the active species. In this way a real heterogeneously catalyzed reaction was performed. Moreover, the catalyst was reused without special reactivation treatments for different consecutive reaction cycles. 

The ceramized Cu 13X material showed good catalytic activity and stability in the WHPCO of phenol. The performance of the catalyst (reused without any reactivation treatment) during the 10 consecutive reaction cycles proves an outstanding low leaching of copper species. The catalyst was very efficient in poly-phenol and TOC abatement of a real olive oil mill wastewater. 

Bioremediation of food industry wastewater Bioremediation is a general concept that includes all those processes and actions that take place as an attempt to biotransform an environment, already altered by contaminants, to its original status. Laccase is a well-known enzyme in bioremediation because of its ability to degrade phenolic compounds (Morozova and others 2007). As mentioned for peroxidase, aromatic compounds, including phenols and aromatic amines, constitute one of the major classes of pollutants and are heavily regulated in many countries. This ability of laccases has been applied in different areas of both the food and textile industries, such as breweries and olive oil factories. 

El-Gohary FA, Badawy MI, El-Khateeb MA, El-Kalliny AS (2009) Integrated treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by the combination of Fenton s reaction and anaerobic treatment. J Hazard Mat 162 1536-1541... 

Perez J, De La Rubia T, Ben Hamman O, And Martinez J (1998) Phanerochaete flavido-alba laccase induction and modification of manganese peroxidase isoenzyme pattern in decolorized olive oil mill wastewaters. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(7) 2726—2729... 

Air stripping of pharmaceutical wastewater is a partial treatment used in particular for the removal of volatile organics from wastewater. M/S Hindustan Dorr Oliver, Bombay, in 1977 studied the effect of air stripping on the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater and reported that a COD removal efficiency up to 30-45% can be achieved by air stripping. It was found that adding caustic soda did not appreciably increase the air stripping efficiency. 

Hindustan D.O. Studies on Pharmaceutical Wastewater Park-Davies, Hindustan Dorr Oliver Bombay, India. 

Brunetti, G, Senesi, N., and Plaza, C. (2007a). Effects of amendment with treated and untreated olive oil mill wastewaters on soil properties, soil humic substances and wheat yield. Geoderma 138,144-152. 

Plaza, C., Senesi, N., Brunetti, G., and Mondelli, D. (2005a). Co-composting of sludge from olive oil mill wastewater mixed with tree cuttings. Compost Sci. Util. 13,217-226. 

Paixao, S.M. and Anselmo, A.M. (2002) Effect of olive mill wastewaters on the oxygen consumption by activated sludge microorganisms an acute toxicity test method, Journal of Applied Toxicology 22 (3), 173-176. 

Paixao, S.M., Mendonfa, E., Picado, A. and Anselmo, A.M. (1999) Acute toxicity evaluation of olive oil mill wastewaters A comparative study of three aquatic organisms, Environmental Toxicology 14 (2), 263-269. 

Treatment of olive mill wastewater has also been carried out with Fenton reagent [44]. This study also used Fenton treatment in conjunction... 

Beltran-Heredia J, Torregrossa J, Garcia J, Dominguez JR, Tiemo JC. Degradation of olive mill wastewater by the combination of Fenton s reagent and ozonation processes with an aerobic biological treatment. Water Sci Technol 2001 44 103-108. 

Application of Microscopic Techniques to the Study of Seeds and Microalgae under Olive Oil Wastewater Stress... 

Polluting olive oil mill wastewaters and their filtered fractions were tested... 

In the course of our allelopathic studies to isolate potential bioherbicides from plants, we focused our attention on medicinal plants and vegetable wastes, which represent a primary and neglected source of allelochemicals, assaying their allelopathic phytotoxicity and identifying the site(s) of action of allelochemicals on seeds.1,3,4,6 The annual production of one hundred million liters and deposition of olive oil mill wastewater is a major environmental problem for agriculture in the Mediterranean basin, where the olive (O/ea europaea L.) is the most economically important fruit tree, because it has provided valuable storable oil as well as edible fruit since ancient times.35... 

Aliotta, G., Cafiero, G., Fiorentino, A., Oliva, A., and Temussi, F. 2002. Olive oil mill wastewater isolation of polyphenols and their action on radish and wheat germination in vitro. Allelopathy J. 9, 9-17... 

D Annibale A, Stazi SR, Vinciguerra V et al (1999) Characterization of immobilized laccase from Lentinula edodes and its use in olive-mill wastewater treatment. Process Biochem 34 697-706... 

Chlorine-mediated electrolysis has also been used efficiently for the treatment of real wastewater such as landfill leachate (Chiang et al. 1995 Vlyssides et al. 2003), textile effluents (Lin and Chen 1997 Vlyssides et al. 2000 Yang et al. 2000 Iniesta et al. 2002), olive oil wastewater (Israilides et al. 1997 Panizza and Cerisola 2006c), industrial effluent containing aromatic sulfonated acids (Panizza et al. 2000), and tannery wastewaters (Vlyssides and Israilides 1997 Szpyrkowicz et al. 2001 Panizza and Cerisola 2004a). 

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