Oleoresin change

Most of the industrially applied separation processes use precipitation by means of reduced solvent power by changing the pressure/temperature in one or more steps. In most cases, as for the production of oleoresins from spices, or the extraction of hops, a single-step separation is sufficient. Double- or triple-step separations are applied for spice extraction, in case enrichment of pungency, colour or essential oils are desired - as, for example, with pepper, with precipitation of piperin, the pungent substance of the pepper, in the first step, and essential oil in the second step. 

The flavour and modern phytopharmaceutical industries have made big changes to the traditional pharmaceutical extraction processes. Whereas ethanol was really the only significant solvent apart from water used by the traditional pharmaceutical extractors, solvents such as hexane and acetone have been used by flavour companies to make soft-extract oleoresins for natural flavour components. Sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide and also some fluorohydrocarbons are now used to produce some very high-quality extracts. Modern concentration and drying processes such as reverse osmosis, spray-drying and freeze-drying... 

The oleoresin yield of ajowan is 24.66%, containing 12.15% volatile oil and 87.85% non-volatile material. The oleoresin samples can be kept cold (8-10°C), as well as at ambient temperature (25-30°C), for 60 days without any significant changes in their quality (Nagalakshmi et al., 2000). 

Resin applies to natural exudations of plants that have been used without intentional modification. In archaeological contexts, however, resins may undergo changes. The low-molecular-weight, volatile, monoterpenoid components of oleoresins are readily lost by evaporation, and the water-soluble carbohydrate components of gum resins will certainly dissolve if the object is exposed to water. Accidental exposure to fire leads to even more drastic pyrolytic transformations that may not be distinguishable from transformations caused by intentional heat treatment. Thus a sample that was a resin when originally used may have been converted to a pitch by a catastrophic fire. 

The first raw materials for the flavour industry included extracts, tinctures, oleoresins, juice concentrates, essential oils, and a few synthetic chemicals (Tab. 3.1). Up to the 1950s, flavour research was concentrated on the isolation, stmcmral analysis, and synthesis of just a few quantitatively outstanding natural materials (Tab. 3.1). The situation changed dramatically with the advent of gas chromatography as a means of analysis, especially in conjunction with mass spectrometry. 

Dose-related increases in liver and thyroid weight were reported in pigs administered 60,296, or 1551 mg/kg of turmeric oleoresin daily for 102 days. Inflammation of the bile duct, thyroid hyperplasia, and epithelial changes in the kidney and urinary bladder were observed in the two higher dose groups (Bille et al. 1985). 

McReynoIds RD (1971) Heritability and seasonal changes in viscosity of slash pine oleoresin. USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-155, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina... 

Brown CL, Clason TR, Michael JL (1976) Paraquat induced changes in reserve carbohydrates, fatty acids and oleoresin content of young slash pine. Proceedings Third Annual... 

The production of resin acids and terpenes from pine stump extraction and the distillation of tapped gum (oleoresin), sulfate turpentine, and kraft tall oil are equal to or greater than the existing markets, most of which continue to show marginal declines. The net results are depressed pricing and a somewhat cloudy future, particularly for tall oil rosin, which is faced with changing technology in one of its major end-uses - paper-sizing additives. 

Many spices also contain carotenoids. The composition and changes in concentration of different carotenoids during the ripening process in different species of pepper were studied by use of a binary gradient of water/acetone and a C18 RP column (245-247). An isocratic RP HPLC separation of capsanthin and capsorubin in Capsicum annum paprika and oleoresin on a Merck LiChros-pher 100 C18 5-p.m (0.4 X 25 cm) column with CH3CN/2-propanol/ethyl acetate (80 10 10) has been described (248). The carotenoids in saponified extracts of irradiated and ethylene oxide-treated red pepper were determined by HPLC on... 

INFRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY IN COLD HARDINESS OF MARITIME PINE (PINUS PINASTER AIT.) AND FROST INDUCED CHANGES IN TERPENE HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION OF OLEORESIN... 

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