Pungent substance

Moreover, the salty and pungent substances are preferred as they have stronger actions of eliminating phlegm and dispersing the stagnation so as to reduce the masses. 

Most of the industrially applied separation processes use precipitation by means of reduced solvent power by changing the pressure/temperature in one or more steps. In most cases, as for the production of oleoresins from spices, or the extraction of hops, a single-step separation is sufficient. Double- or triple-step separations are applied for spice extraction, in case enrichment of pungency, colour or essential oils are desired - as, for example, with pepper, with precipitation of piperin, the pungent substance of the pepper, in the first step, and essential oil in the second step. 

To obtain the highest yield of the pungent substances, the extraction pressure should be 420 to 450 bar and the temperature 60°C. With the CO2 extraction, it can be ensured that the content of 6-shogoal is at a low level of 1.5 to 2.0% and does not reach the levels of 5% and more as in conventional solvent-extracts. 

Paprika can be extracted to recover carotenoids, not only with CO2 but also with other gases. For example, by using ethane or ethylene, better results were obtained for the yield, extraction time, and quality of product. The solubilities of carotenoids are better in these gases, which is why the consumption of solvent and the extraction time were reduced. Practically water-free dye-concentrate was recovered by supercritical fluid ethane (under the conditions extraction 250 bar, 45°C separation 46 bar, 45 °C). The separation of pungent substances (capsaicinoids, free fatty acids) from the pigments can be carried out effectively in a continuous, counter-current extraction column with a large number of theoretical plates. 

Figure 9.6-8. Chemical structures of pungent substances of capsicum.

Detection of Pungent Substances.—The presence of pungent substances (pepper, pimento, mustard, etc.) in vinegar is detected by neutralising 50 c.c. exactly, evaporating, and tasting the residue. To obtain more certain indications, the residue is extracted with ether, the ethereal solution evaporated and the residue then left tasted. 

A09B B Amara-acria containing bitter and pungent substances... 

A number of natural products contain the azepine framework, e.g. the nonproteinogenic aminoacid muscaflavine 35, a yellow pigment of the fly agaric, the 2i/-azepine chalciporon 36, a pungent substance of the peppery bolete [22], and the ethano-bridged tetrahydroazepine ( )-anatoxin 37, a toxic principle of blue-green algae. 

Black pepper contains 3-8% of piperine (XXV) as the most irr5)ortant pungent substance. Pepper is sensitive to light since the trans,trans-diene system of piperine isomerizes to the cis,trans-diene system of the almost tasteless isochavicin on exposure to light. 

Some radish Raphanus sativus) varieties, such as the grey-black radish with round roots, contain as the main pungent substance ( )-4-(methylthio)-but-3-en-l-yl isothiocyanate, which is produced from the glucosinolate glucoraphasatin. Its concentration in radishes is about 1-3 g/kg, resulting in an isothiocyanate content of 0.5-1 g/kg. 

The thalli of Conocephalum conicum and Wiesnerella denudata contain a pungent substance. Pungency is due to a sesquiterpene lactone, tulipinolide... 

Most multipurpose plants are equipped with two or more extractors switched in cascade mode, which enables to come as dose as possible to phase equilibrium and are equipped with a multiple separation system, operating at different reduced pressures for fractionation. Such design is mainly used for the extraction of spices and herbs, allowing concentration of pungent substances like piperine from pepper or capsaicin from chili in a first step and the corresponding volatile oil afterward in one additional separator. In case that the valuables are highly concentrated in the raw material and also relatively highly soluble in the dense gas, installation of only two... 

Examination of the capsaicinoid stmctures reveals a common feature, namely an aromatic ring possessing a methoxy and hydroxyl substituents. Because of the similarity of these structures to the natural substance vanilhn (Fig. 13), these pungent substances are collectively known as vanilloids [74]. 

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