Reserve carbohydrate

Westgate, M.E. Boyer, J.S. (1985f>). Carbohydrate reserves and reproductive development at low leaf water potentials in maize. Crop Science, 25, 762-9. 

Polymers of D-fructose are important carbohydrate reserves in a number of plants. Inulins and levans are two major types that differ in structure. D-Fructans require only relatively mild conditions for their hydrolysis, for example, levan was qualitatively hydrolyzed by hot, dilute, aqueous oxalic acid. Permethylated fructans could be hydrolyzed with 2 M CF3CO2H for 30 min at 60°. Fructan oligosaccharides were hydrolyzed in dilute sulfuric acid (pH 2) at 70 (see Ref. 53) or 95° (0.1 M). D-Fructans from timothy haplocorm (where they comprise 63% of the water-soluble carbohydrates) could be hydrolyzed with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid at 98°. 

The physiological functions of isofloridoside in algae have been shown to be (a) a carbohydrate reserve, and (b) a factor involved in controlling the osmotic balance in, for example, Ochromonas malha-men.st.s.242 244-247-249 Ochromonas is a green-brown alga that lacks a cell... 

In the leaves of P. clusiana, clusianose was shown to accumulate in amounts comparable to that of sucrose. During photosynthesis in the presence of 14C02, this compound was formed at a much lower rate than sucrose. However, during the period of darkness following photosynthesis, its level remained unchanged while that of sucrose decreased. This indicates that clusianose does not function as a carbohydrate reserve. 

Black, D. and Love, R.M. (1988). Estimating the carbohydrate reserves in fish. Journal of Fish Biology 32,335-340. 

Reinke, L.A. et al., Conjugation of p-nitrophcnol in the perfused rat river The effect of substrate concentration and carbohydrate reserves, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then, 217, 863, 1981. 

Schirman, R. and K.P. Buchholtz (1966). Influence of atrazine on control and rhizome carbohydrate reserves of quackgrass. Weeds, 14 233-236. 

Ben Chekroun, M., Amzile, J., Mokhtari, A., el Haloui, N.E., Prevost, J., and Fontanillas, R., Qualitative and quantitative development of carbohydrate reserves during the biological cycle of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers, N.Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci., 22, 31-37, 1994. 

Biological Functions of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides. Polysaccharides serve two important biological roles. Glycogen and starch are polymers of glucose units linked in a(l —> 4) linkages that serve as carbohydrate reserves for animals, bacteria, and plants. Because these polymers are readily converted to intermediates for pathways that yield metabolic energy, they can also be... 

In Section IX,2, some mention was made of the role of a,a-trehalose as a storage carbohydrate in yeasts. Studies on its metabolic control have shown that extracts of bakers yeast can be separated into two protein fractions, (i) neither of which can split a,a-trehalose, (it) but, recombined and incubated with Mg2 , ATP, and adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate (cAMP), they form active a,a-trehalase.682 Work on the other major carbohydrate-reserve in yeasts, namely, glycogen,683 was reviewed in Ref. 513 later work has been described on the regulation of glycogen synthesis by Saccharomyces cerevi-stoe884,685 and Candida tropicalis.686... 

A variety of hormones affect the body s carbohydrate metabolism some increase carbohydrate reserves by promoting the synthesis of glycogen, others accelerate the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose oxidation. Between them, they add formidable weapons to the cell s already powerful armoury of glucose control systems. 

These facts suggest that the normal situation is a frequent replenishment of carbohydrate supply by new food intake. Yet consumption of more carbohydrate at any one time than the liver, muscles, and body fluids can store with their total capacity for 14 ounces of glycogen will not further augment the carbohydrate reserve. Instead, the surplus will be converted and stored as fat. 

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