Oleic acid, 439 Table

The lower activity of Ti-beta(OH) in the epoxidation of an alkene containing a polar head (oleic acid, Table XI) was attributed by Blasco et al. (13) to the different adsorption properties of the two catalysts. A strong adsorption of oleic acid through the polar head on the relatively more hydrophilic Ti-beta(OH)... 

Another example of fatty acid adsorption by magnesium silicate has been reported for oleic acid (Table 7.6) [5]. The results mdicate no effect on the oleic acid adsorption capacity by the type of magnesium salts used to prepare the magnesium silicate. Moreover, the oleic acid adsorption capacities of commercial magnesium silicate and activated carbon are very similar. The lowest adsorption capacity is shown by "produced" activated carbon due to its low surface area and high particle size. 

High-oleic sunflower and safflower oils By taking advantage of the wide range of natural sunflower and safflower varieties seed breeders have developed lines which, in place of the normal high levels of linoleic acid, have high levels of oleic acid (Table 2a). These are commercially available as Sunola ( 85% oleic acid) and Saffola ( 75% oleic acid) (49). They are used in Good-Fry (Section 2) and as an alternative to triolein in some enzymic processes (Section 8.5). A third type of sunflower oil (Nu-Sun) with an intermediate level of oleic acid (65%) and reduced levels of saturated acids is now available. 

The seed of perilla contains 31-51% of oil, which is similar in composition to flaxseed oil, with a higher contribution of PUFA of over 70% (Table 4). The oil is highly unsaturated, with an iodine value of 192-208-g iodine /100-g oil (Table 4). Perilla oil contains over 60% linolenic acid with equal amounts of both linoleic and oleic acids (Table 4). Specific gravity of this oil is higher than flax oil because of a higher contribution of PUFA. Other physical parameters of this oil reflect the composition of its fatty acids. 

Onion Allium cepa) seeds contained about 23.6% crude fat. The seed oil was analyzed for its chemical composition. The onion seed oil contained 44.6% linoieic acid and 34.3% oleic acid (Table 6) (38). The total unsaturated fatty acids comprised of 79% of the oil. A greater concentration of linoieic acid was determined in the cold-pressed onion seed oil obtained from Botanical Oil Co. (Spooner, Wl). Linoieic acid accounted for 63.7% of total fatty acids, and oleic acid ranged from 26.7-30.1%. The total unsaturated fatty acids were about 90% (3). In summary, onion seed oil may serve as a dietary source of essential n-6 fatty acid and oleic acid. 

Mango seed kernels contain about 4-12% total fat (45 7). Mango seed kernel oil is rich in oleic acid (Table 7), and exhibited 42% (47), 34—59% (45), and 41 )4% of total fatty acids (46). Stearic acid is the other major fatty acid in mango seed kernel... 

The seeds of M. oleifera variety Mbololo yielded 26%, 31%, and 36% crude oil by cold-pressing, hexane extraction, and chloroform-methanol extraction (1 1, v/v), respectively (70). The seed oil was rich in total monounsaturated fatty acids and contained 74—75% oleic acid (Table 9). The total saturated fatty acids were... 

Fatty acid composition may differ from sample to sample, depending on the place of production, the latitude, the climate, the variety, and the stage of maturity of the fruit. Greek, Italian, and Spanish olive oils are low in linoleic and palmitic acids and have a high percentage of oleic acid. Tunisian olive oils are higher in linoleic and palmitic acids and lower in oleic acid. Table 9.2 presents values of fatty acid composition for Greek olive oils from a study of the State Chemical Labaratory in Athens. 

The second category of prodncts contains the same ingredients as above but with fatty acids such as lauric, myristic, or oleic acids (Table 6.6) [1]. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

Most of the products Hsted in Tables 1—3 are based on manufacture from tall oil fatty acids. Dimer acids based on other feedstocks (eg, oleic acid) may have different properties. A European manufacturer recently announced availabiUty of a 44-carbon dimer acid, presumably made from an emcic acid feedstock (7). 

Tall oil fatty acids consist of resin acids (25% to 30%) and of a mixture of linolic acid, conjugated Cig fatty acids (45% to 65%), oleic acid (25% to 45%), 5,9,12-octadecatrienic acid (5% to 12%), and saturated fatty acids (1% to 3%). Resin acids are abietinic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and others. Properties of fatty acids are shown in Table 6-1. 

The Boger group [64-66] has extensively studied the use of a-ketoheterocycles as FAAH inhibitors. In their initial studies, a range of a-ketoheterocycles based on oleic acid was synthesised. A range of five- and six-membered monocyclic heterocycles and three bicyclic heterocycles (benzothiazole, benzimidazole and benzoxazole) was examined. Although many of the compounds tested were found to inhibit FAAH activity with micromolar affinities, the best results were obtained with heterocycles that incorporated a weakly basic nitrogen a - to the heterocycle (Table 6.5) [64]. 

Table I shows the composition of lipo-PGEj. Oleic acid was used to improve the stability of PGEj. Glycerol was added to make the water phase isotonic. Isocarbacyclin, a prostacyclin derivative (TEI9090), was incorporated into the lipid microspheres (lipo-PGI2) in a similar composition except for the use of oleic acid.

In particular, olive oil contains a high percentage of oleic acid in comparison to the oils of other plants (see Table 13.3). 

As mentioned in the introduction, 3-hydroxy fatty acids with functional groups can also be incorporated in poly(3HAMCL). Table 2 illustrates this with many examples of alkenes, 3-hydroxyalkenoic acids, and substituted 3-hy-droxyalkanoic acids that are readily integrated in poly(3HAMCL). Long chain fatty acids have also been used successfully as substrates for poly(3HAMCL) production. De Waard et al. [44] used oleic acid and linoleic acid to produce... 

An example of the large variety of monomer structures present in poly(HAMCL) is given in Fig. 2. Also different degrees of unsaturation in poly(HAMCL) can be established relatively easily [3-5,34-39]. For example, the compositional data in Table 1 for the repeat units show that about 16% of the mono-unsaturated double bonds are incorporated when oleic acid is used as feedstock. When tall oil fatty acids are used, over 40 % of the subunits of the resulting poly(HAMCL) are mono- or di-unsaturated, while the total degree of unsaturation of the alkyl side chains of linseed oil-based PHA is even higher (>65%). Moreover, a substantial part (about 30%) of these unsaturated linseed oil-based poly(HAMCL) subunits have up to three double bonds present. 

As shown in Table 1, the acyl moiety of cardiolipin is comprised almost entirely of unsaturated fatty acids. Other membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine contain 1(M0 mol of saturatedfatty acids such as palmitic acid (Ci6 0) and stearic acid (Ci8 0) per 100 mol of total fatty acids. In particular,linoleic acid (Cl8 2) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid consisting of 80 mol%, linolenic acid (Cl8 3) 8 mol%, and oleic acid (Ci8 i) 6 mol%. Therefore, by using a commercially available cardiolipin purified from bovine heart mitochondria, we characterized auto-oxidation products by reverse phase HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC. 

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