Oils , toxicity

Onwimah IN (2002) Quantitative modelling of crude oil toxicity using the approach of cybernetics and structmed mechanisms of microbial processes. Environ Monit Assess 76(2) 157-166... 

Response on Daphnia magna. The use of dispersants for petroleum is often recommended in accidental aquatic pollution simations in which an oil layer is capable of reaching the hanks of a river or water pond. The petroleum is then emulsified in the water, which makes it bioavailable for degrading organisms. However, this bioavailability may be responsible for an increase of the oil toxicity for the living organisms in the water. In addition, the dispersant itself is potentially toxic and its release in the environment must be controlled. 

In addition to generation of toxic compounds in the frying oil, toxic molecules may be generated in foodstuff. In April 2002, Swedish scientists sounded an alarm when they discovered that certain cooked food, particularly potato chips and French fries, contained high levels of acrylamide, a chemical compound that is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a probable human carcinogen (Mitka,... 

Experiments were conducted at Cornell in an attempt to learn more about the effects of temperature on oil toxicity. Small carrot and parsnip plants were placed at four temperature levels 40 to 50 , 50 to 60 , 60 to 70 , and 70 to 80 F. After 2 weeks at these temperatures, one sixth of the plants in each group were sprayed at the rate of 80 gallons per acre with a Stoddard solvent (Varsol No. 2) which contained an additional 4% diethylbenzene. One week after the first treatment a second lot of plants was sprayed in the same manner. Ten replications of carrots and five replications of parsnips were used. Harvests were made 2 weel after the treatments. 

Detailed studies of the influence of various environmental factors on oil toxicity are being continued. 

Aleurites fordii Hemsl. You Tong (Candlenut) (fruit, aerial part, seed) Saponin, alpha-elaeo stearic, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, tannins, phytosterols, n-hentriacontane, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterolm, campesterol.50-219 Analgesic activity. Treat anemia, atrophy, edema, vermicide, oil (toxic internally) for parasitic skin diseases. 

Ginger Jake and Spanish Oil Toxic Food Constituents and Contaminants... 

Systemic eucalyptus oil toxicity can result from topical application. 

There are four general causes of toxicity in animals exposed to oil spill residuals. The first is the adverse impact of the oil on the insulation value of the fur and feathers of animals. The second is acute toxicity from ingesting oil products, often while animal is trying to clean the oil off fur or feathers. The third is long-term or delayed toxicity due to oil residue exposures that are not lethal but which decrease the hardiness or reproductive fitness of the exposed animals. The last is the brain lesions and disorientation caused by inhalation of toxic fumes. In addition, populations of animals can be severely affected if oil toxicity adversely impacts the creatures that they feed on or greatly decreases available habitat. Both of these problems can affect the organism s ability to survive and reproduce. 

The concern for both dermal and inhalation exposures is the site of contact and effects on that tissue. The mechanism of crude oil toxicity is mediated through its irritant effects which after sufficient exposure duration and concentration result in tissue hyperplasia. Chronic hyperplasia leads to subsequent loss of tissue integrity and damage and in some animal models of cancer. It has been suggested that at exposures below levels that cause chronic irritation, other long-term effects would not be expected. 

The concern for both dermal and inhalation exposures is the site of contact and effects on that tissue. The mechanism of lubricating oil toxicity is mediated... 

PAH and pesticides - - PAH in used oil - - toxic chemical species - - chlorine, carbon in fuel - ... 

Product Description Effectiveness of Agent (Minimum Percentage of Agent to Solidify Oil) Toxicity (LCsoto RainbowTrout in 96 hours) ppm... 

It is also important to place the results from continuous-flow apparatus in context with those that might obtain in an actual oil spill. McAuliffe (24) has reported that dissolved hydrocarbon concentrations under slicks of spilled petroleum are very low, less than 1 ftg/L. This being the case, additional means of studying crude oil toxicity to marine life must be developed to supplement the soluble oil studies underway. 

Turpentine oils Toxic dose 15 mL in children 140 mL In adults may be fatal. Can cause pneumonitis if aspirated. 

See Mentha pulegiunt herb and essential oil Toxicity Studies for information on the toxicity of the compound pulegone. 

See Eucalyptus globulus essential oil Toxicity Studies for information on the toxicity of the compound 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol), the primary component of bay leaf essential oil (36-46%) (Kovacevic et al. 2007). 

Keywords Batik dye Cosmetics Electrospinning Facial oil Toxicity studies Oil blot Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)... 

Gragin, G.E. Clark, J.R. Pace, C.B. Comparison of Physically and Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil Toxicity Under Continuous and Spiked Exposure Scenarios, MSRC Technical Report Series Report 94-015, Marine SpiU Research Corporation, Washington, DC, 1994. 

Fucik, K.W. Carr, K.A. Balcom, B.J. Dispersed Oil Toxicity Tests with Biological Species Indigenous to the Ckilf of Mexico, Minerals Management Report MMS94-0021, Minerals Management Service, New Orleans, LA, 1994. 

Toloza, A. C., Lucia, A., Zerba, E., Masuh, H., Picollo, M. I. 2010. Eucalyptus essential oil toxicity against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera Pediculidae). Parasitol. Res. 106(2) 409-414. 

Development of commercially important extractive compounds from many other softwood and hardwood species throughout the world may be possible. How many other woods have a pleasant odor and yet are not exploited for their wood oil Odor, of course, is merely one property that gives value to an oil. Toxic-... 

Adverse biological effects have been attributed to dissolved low molecular weight hydrocarbon particularly aromatics such as toluene. Anderson et al. (1974) and Winter (1976) considered naphthalene as a more important source of crude oil toxicity than low molecular weight aromatics. According to another source, the low boiling pwint unsaturated hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, are the most toxic components in crude oils, the toxicity can be said to be a function of the presence of these substances (Nelson-Smith, 1972). 

In cottonseed, gossypol, a complex polyphenolic compound, contributes to oil toxicity and dark color and is regarded as an undesirable component. During cottonseed processing, gossypol must be removed to produce edible oil and animal feed. Gossypol in crude cottonseed oil is typically removed in miscella (mixture of oil+hexane) before oil desolventation in the extraction plant. The crude oil-hexane mixture (45-65% oil 35-55% hexane) is filtered to remove any meal, scale or insoluble impurities that may be carried... 

A mixture of diesel oil/toxic may be used as fuel for a diesel engine. Raised to a temperature of about 1000°C, this adiabatic destruction is virtually total (Russian information). This is a very crude but effective process for the destruction of small quantities without the use of major installations. 

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