Oil polluted surfaces

The methodology developed can be adopted for detecting oil polluted surfaces on land and as spills in oceans and near the ports [20]. The technology can be used... 

Kwarteng AY (1999) Remote sensing assessment of oil lakes and oil polluted surfaces at the Greater Butgan oil field, Kuwait. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 1 36-47... 

The major energy-related sources of water pollution are from thermal pollution, surface water pollution from oil spills, polychlorinated biphenyls, and groundwater contamination. 

The vertical distribution of oil products in a soil profile depends on the fluxes and ground level of soil-ground waters, which both temporally and spatially are very dynamic. In spite of being restricted due to low water solubility, migration of oil products with natural waters in the areas of oil pollution may significantly increase the distance of lateral pollutant transport with surface and sub-surface waters. 

These data show that the areas of underground oil pollution sometimes can exceed the areas of surface pollution, and underground processes of self-purification go slowly due to restricted chemical and microbiological destruction of oil components. 

Cleansing creams and lotions are detergent-based or emulsified oil systems that are designed primarily for the removal of surface oil, pollutants, or cellular debris along with makeup from the face and neck areas. Most emulsified cleansing creams are manufactured similar to cold creams but modified to enhance their debris-removal capability. They usually contain from 15 to 50 percent oils (e.g., mineral oil, vegetable oils, fatty esters, and propoxylated oils) with limited quantities of waxy materials. 

In the year 2000, the number of spills around Italy was analysed on a monthly basis. This demonstrated a relevant number of spills during the summer months on the routes to Sardinia and Corsica. This is a general trend previously identified by Gade et al. (2000). During summer the mean wind speed is lower, thus causing a higher visibility of oil pollution (and other marine surface films). 

The detection of ocean surface slicks by microwave radars at intermediate incidence angles is well established. The all-weather day-and-night capabilities of microwave remote-sensing has resulted in its wide operational use by harbour authorities for the control of oil pollution in the coastal zone (Attema and Hoogeboom 1978, Sherman 1992). In research, microwave radars can also help further our understanding of air-sea interactions and hydrodynamic processes by providing extensive synoptic two-dimensional maps of the slicks spatial distribution (Espedal et al. 1996, da Silva et al. 1998). 

It has now been universally accepted that radar imagery provides a wealth of information about the presence of surface features on the ocean surface associated with wind action, dynamic oceanic phenomena, slicks, natural and man-made oil pollution. ERS-1/2 SAR, operating at a wavelength of... 

The ship s course was in the immediate vicinity of the dynamic Ku-roshio boundary 6. Most likely, this was the main cause of perturbations in a spill. There were several pronounced displacements of the spill relative to line AB both to the west and the east. The maximum westward component of the surface current was observed at a distance of 30 km behind the ship, where the drift of the oil-polluted waters was 2.2 km (area C in Figure 4). 

The last occasion on which I worked with him was in 1936, when he was asked by the Royal Society to study oil pollution, already a menance to sea birds. Tar on the beaches could conveniently be studied by examining the feet and bottoms of holiday makers. But oil on the water required more strenuous exercise. N. K. persuaded me to row him round Plymouth bay and Plymouth harbour whilst I got the exercise, he was very contentedly measuring the surface tension of the water In 1937, N. K. moved to the University College of Southampton, and his subsequent work is reviewed in the article by M. C. Phillips in this volume. 

Dastillung, M. and Albrecht, P., 1976. Molecular test for oil pollution in surface sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 7 13—15. 

Monitoring near surface existence of hydrocarbon polluted surfaces in the Burgan Oil field area was attempted by Saif ud din et al. [20, 21]. The researchers used the land surface temperature (LST) as an indicator for hydrocarbon pollution. 

Garrett, W. D., and W. R. Barger. 1970. Factors Affecting the Use of Monomolecular Surface Films to Control Oil Pollution on Water, Environmental Science and Technology, voL 4, pp. 123-127. 

Many of the processes involved in exploring for and producing oil and natural gas also have the potential to pollute surface and groundwater. However, for the most part, oil and gas companies have strived to protect the environment by using responsible practices and technologies that maintain the integrity of their wells and keep contaminants out of the nation s water sources. 

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