Microwave remote sensing

Therefore, a standard seawater sample with a salinity (5) of 35 (with no %o units needed) has a conductivity ratio of 1 at 15°C and 1 atmosphere, using a standard KC1 solution of 32.4356 g in a 1 kg mass of solution. Finally, recent applications of microwave remote sensing have been used to determine surface water of gradients of salinity in coastal regions, particularly in river plume regions (Goodberlet et al., 1997). 

The detection of ocean surface slicks by microwave radars at intermediate incidence angles is well established. The all-weather day-and-night capabilities of microwave remote-sensing has resulted in its wide operational use by harbour authorities for the control of oil pollution in the coastal zone (Attema and Hoogeboom 1978, Sherman 1992). In research, microwave radars can also help further our understanding of air-sea interactions and hydrodynamic processes by providing extensive synoptic two-dimensional maps of the slicks spatial distribution (Espedal et al. 1996, da Silva et al. 1998). 

Figure 6.7. Observations of the global distribution of zonally averaged daytime CIO abundance from satellite-based microwave remote sensing (Waters et al, 1999) together with the zonally averaged ozone trend deduced from satellite-based visible spectroscopy (SPARC, 1998 see McCormick et al., 1992). Trends are statistically significant outside the shaded region.

Figure 6.14- Observations of the vertical profiles of CIO in the Antarctic stratosphere in September 1987 from both ground-based microwave remote sensing (de Zafra et al., 1989) and aircraft resonance fluorescence techniques (Anderson et al., 1989). These data are compared to a gas-phase...

L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, and R. T. Shin, Theory of Microwave Remote Sensing, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1985, pp. 425 75. 

E. Schanda Microwave radiometry applications to remote sensing, in [7.53] E.P.W. Attema The radar signature of natural surfaces and its application in active microwave remote sensing, in [7.53]... 

Gentile C, Saisi A (2011) Dynamic measurement on historic masonry towers by microwave remote sensing. In Gentile C, Benedettini F (eds) Proceeding of the international conference on experimental vibration analysis for civil engineering structures, vol II, pp 524—530, 3-5 October 2011 Varenna, Italy. ISBN 978-88-96225-39-4... 

Ulaby FT, Moore RK, Fung AK (1986) Microwave remote sensing, active and passive. Artech House, Norwood... 

Ulaby, F. T., Moore, R. K., Fung, A. K. (1986). Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive, Vol. Ill, From Theory to Application. Norwood, MA Artech House, Inc. 

Waters J W 1993 Miorowave limb sounding Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry ed M A Janssen (New York Wiley) pp 383-496... 

Janssen M A (ed) 1993 Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry (New York Wiiey) The most oompiete guide to miorowave and THz atmospherio sensing. 

Remote sensing in the far infrared and microwave spectral regions... 

Preparation and application of new spaceborne remote-sensing equipment to measure the water content in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. For example, the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) carried by the Aura satellite launched in 2004. 

Control of heating may raise substantial problems, in that temperature measurement itself has difficulties, since most probes for temperature measurement themselves interact with the electromagnetic field, and are at best unreliable. Remote sensing is the best available, but has its own difficulties, in that sensors detect the surface temperature rather than that of the bulk. If the temperature of a body within a microwave field is to be... 

Sippel, S. J., S. K. Hamilton, J. M. Melack, and E. M. M. Novo. 1998. "Passive microwave observations of inundation area and the area/stage relation in the Amazon River floodplain." International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19 3055-3074. 

Goumay, L.S., Harrell, J.W. and Dennis, C.L., 1979. Remote sensing of hydrocarbon gas seeps utilising microwave energy. US Patent No. 4, 132,943. 

Alpers W, Blume H-J, Garrett WD, Huhnerfuss H (1982) The effect of monomo-lecular surface films on the microwave brightness temperature of the sea surface. Int J Remote Sensing 3 457-474... 

Huhnerfuss H, Alpers W, Jones WL, Lange PA, Richter K (1981) The damping of ocean surface waves by a monomolecular film measured by the wave staffs and microwave radars. J Geophys Res 86 429-438 Huhnerfuss H, Alpers W, Witte F (1989) Layers of different thickness in mineral oil spills detected by grey level textures of real aperture radar images. Int J Remote Sensing 10 1093-1099... 

The CIO radical has been directly measured since 1976 using in-situ resonance fluorescence techniques and by Menzies (1979), Anderson et al. (1980), Waters et al. (1981), De Zafra et al. (1989), and Stachnik et al. (1992) using remote sensing microwave methods. Global observations such as those provided by the MLS instrument aboard UARS (Waters et al, 1993 Figure 5.57) have improved the understanding of the behavior of CIO and the amplitude of its variations. This constitutes an important element in the study of the chlorine-ozone interaction, discussed in more detail in the next chapter. 

Preliminary studies for airborne systems were reported by Meeks et al. (87), who studied microwave radiometric detection of oil slicks. A couple of years later, Fantasia and Ingrao (88) and Ingrao et al. (89) described the development of an experimental airborne remote sensing system for oil spills, based on laser-stimulated oil fluorescence. At the Tenth International Symposium on Remote Sensing, in 1975, several techniques were reported, including a passive infrared (90), radar observation of spills (91), passive luminescence with a Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD) (92), and active luminescence (93) and fluorescence (94). 

M. A. Janssen, ed., Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiomety, J ohn Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1993. 

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