Off-Shore Oil and Gas

For most aerogel insulation products, the reduction of the operating cost is higher than the savings accrued during installation. However, in the case of off-shore oil and gas pipeline... 

Off-shore oil and gas Smaller pipe diameter, lower weight, more pipes per installation round trip, fewer trips Superior lifetime, improved degradation resistance ++++... 

Region 10, 13-04 (CPL 04), Local Emphasis Program for Off-Shore Oil and Gas Drilling Platforms... 

To establishes policies and procedures for scheduling programmed safety and health inspections on off-shore oil and gas drilling platforms. 

The safety inspectorates of the Western industrial world changed their main paradigm in the 1970s. From the Norwegian and British experiences in the off-shore oil and gas fields came the notion that Government could not compete with the competence of the high-tech process industry and thus should instead concentrate on ensuring that systems of control were in place. 

Most of the liquid fuels in use today are obtained from crude oil, also called petroleum, a brownish-green to black colored viscous oil found under the crust of the Earth either on shore or off shore. This oil either flows out by itself due to underground gas or hydrostatic pressure, or it is mechanically pumped out. Petroleum almost always occurs along with gas called natural gas. When the oil well contains both oil and gas it is called a wet well, and when it contains only gas it is called a dry well. 

Agricultural engineering Control and actuation mechanism Gas distribution Gathering networks and off-shore production Oil and gas transmission... 

Studies have shown that the storage of carbon dioxide is possible in various geological settings. The main candidates are sedimentary basins, e.g., oil and gas reservoirs (working or abandoned), deep unmineable coal-seams and saline formations (aquifers). Sub-surface storage can take place at both on-shore and off-shore locations access to the latter is via pipelines from the shore or from off-shore platforms. Other prospective sites for storage include salt caverns, basalts, oil/gas shales and disused mines. The various options are shown schematically in Figure 3.4. 

Liquid immersed types use various forms of oil and special synthetic liquids. The chlorinated liquids, e.g. polychlorinated-biphenyl, have been banned in most countries because they are very strong pollutants and are almost impossible to destroy, except by intensive burning in a special furnace. Modern liquids are synthetic compounds typically silicone based, and are usually specified to be flame retardant. 1EC60296, 60836, and 60944 describe suitable liquids. These transformers are the type normally used in oil and gas plants. Resin insulated transformers are very suitable for indoor locations and off-shore plants because they contain no flammable liquid, produce no spillage and require minimal maintenance. They are usually more expensive than conventional liquid immersed transformers. 

Prior to the adoption in 1991 of the Environmental Protocol, which prohibits the search for mineral deposits and their exploitation, a large number of papers were published about metallic mineral deposits in aU parts of Antarctica and about the occurrence of oil and gas off-shore. These publications are listed in Appendix 11.7.1 under the following headings ... 

It may seem a bit weird to say that the oil and gas industry is industrialized . Our point is that the on-/ off-shore distinction is challenged, not only as a result of off- onshore communication and interaction at the operational level. There is also a tendency that land-based industrial actors get more involved in the oil and gas industry. As a result, e.g. land-based industrial practices and concepts, e.g. virtual plants , becomes part of the globalization process. 

Industrial protective coatings cover heavy duty, maintenance and marine systems including coatings for structural steel, ships, tanks, off shore installations, mining, oil and gas pipelines and refineries. 

In the 1980s, however, the prices of oil and natural gas reversed their upward trends. Natural gas discoveries, both on-shore and off-shore, have considerably iacreased the world s energy supply and oil discoveries, many with associated gas, contributed more feedstock potential for ammonia production. 

Seawater services on onshore platforms, for drinking, washing and firefighting services on off-shore platforms Seawater lift pumps for cooling gas compressors on oil platforms... 

Crawley and Grant (1997) have developed a risk assessment tool for new offshore installations. They have examined typical leak frequencies of equipment items and the ignition probability of these leaks in four pressure bands. With this information it was possible to define leak size and frequency for any piece of equipment and the ignited leak frequency. In off-shore installations gas separation vessels were found to have ten times higher ignited event frequency than oil pumps. 

Figure 5.8. Proven reserves of oil and natural gas liquids (unit Wy/m i.e., for each country, the average number of years for which an energy flow of 1 W per of land surface could be derived at 100% energy extraction efficiency). The resources are distributed over the country land areas, although many of the reserves and resources actually occur off-shore, cf. Fig. 5.9 (based upon data from World Energy Council, 1995 with area-based layout from Sorensen, 1999).

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