Shore

In some cases two tankers are used either alternately loading and transporting, or with one tanker aoting as floating storage facility and the other shuttling to and from a shore terminal. 

If the development is so far from shore that direct line of sight communication is not possible, then satellite communications will be installed, with one platform acting as a satellite link for the area. 

Within the same geographical area (e.g. water depth, weather conditions, distance to shore, reservoir setting) this is a useful tool for comparing projects of different sizes. If the indicators vary significantly then the reasons should be sought. 

Each of the main facility types, e.g. steel jacket, gravity structure, tension leg and floating platform, have different options for decommissioning. The main factors which need to be considered and which will impact on costs are type of construction, size, distance from shore, weather conditions and the complexity of the removal, including all safety aspects. The following options are available ... 

Tension leg and floating platforms can easily be released and towed away for service elsewhere, which is cheap and attractive. In the case of the fixed platforms, the topside modules are removed by lift barge and taken to shore for disposal. Gravity based structures can in theory be deballasted and floated away to be re-employed or sunk in the deep ocean, and steel jackets cut and removed at an agreed depth below sea level. In some areas jackets are cleaned and placed as artificial reefs on the seabed. The... 

The radiation and temperature dependent mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials (modulus and loss) are of great interest throughout the plastics, polymer, and rubber from initial design to routine production. There are a number of laboratory research instruments are available to determine these properties. All these hardness tests conducted on polymeric materials involve the penetration of the sample under consideration by loaded spheres or other geometric shapes [1]. Most of these tests are to some extent arbitrary because the penetration of an indenter into viscoelastic material increases with time. For example, standard durometer test (the "Shore A") is widely used to measure the static "hardness" or resistance to indentation. However, it does not measure basic material properties, and its results depend on the specimen geometry (it is difficult to make available the identity of the initial position of the devices on cylinder or spherical surfaces while measuring) and test conditions, and some arbitrary time must be selected to compare different materials. 

For practical applicability, several aspects have to be considered such as tire anode material (sacrificial (e.g. zinc) or inert (e.g. Pt/Ti or graphite)), tlie conductivity of tlie medium and tlie current distribution. Catliodic protection is typically used for buried constmctions (e.g. pipelines), off-shore stmctures or ship hulls. 

Shores D A, Rapp R A and Flou P Y (eds) 1997 Proc. Symp. on Fundamental Aspects of High Temperature Corrosion vol 96-26 (Pennington, NJ Electrochemical Society)... 

Hardness, Rockwell (or Shore) Impact strength (Izod) at 23°C, M94 M78 M90 M79 M78... 

Hardness, Rockwell (or Shore) E95-E100 M72-M76 M93-M120 M100-M115 E54-E101 M95-115 E88... 

Hardness, Rockwell (or Shore) (A50-A100) R118 M50-M65 M85 R117-R122 AIO-AIOO ... 

Rubber Specific gravity Durometer hardness (or Shore) Ultimate elongation % (23°C) Tensile strength, lb in 2 (23°C) Service temperature, °C ... 

Still another possibiUty is a marine biomass plantation such as that envisaged for giant brown kelp grown off the California coast and conversion of the kelp to methane in a system similar to that shown in Figure 19. The location of the SNG plant could be either on a floating platform near the kelp growth area or located on shore, in which case the biomass or fuel transport requirements would be different. 

---