Off-shoring

For practical applicability, several aspects have to be considered such as tire anode material (sacrificial (e.g. zinc) or inert (e.g. Pt/Ti or graphite)), tlie conductivity of tlie medium and tlie current distribution. Catliodic protection is typically used for buried constmctions (e.g. pipelines), off-shore stmctures or ship hulls. 

In the 1980s, however, the prices of oil and natural gas reversed their upward trends. Natural gas discoveries, both on-shore and off-shore, have considerably iacreased the world s energy supply and oil discoveries, many with associated gas, contributed more feedstock potential for ammonia production. 

Heavy-Duty Maintenance and Marine Coatings. Heavy-duty maintenance coatings ate appHed to bridges, off-shore drilling tigs. 

Seawater services on onshore platforms, for drinking, washing and firefighting services on off-shore platforms Seawater lift pumps for cooling gas compressors on oil platforms... 

Agahi, R. R., Ershaghi, B., and Baudelocque, L., Turboexpanders with Pressurized Magnetie Bearings for Off-Shore Applieations, MAG 95, Alexandria, VA, August 1995. 

Agahi, R. R. and Ershaghi, B., 1993. Engineering of Turbo-expander-Compressor Units for Off-Shore Installation, Eifth International Congress on Eluid Maehinery, The Hague, Netherlands. 

Plant Type. The determination to have an aero-derivative type gas turbine or a frame-type gas turbine is the plant location. In most cases if the plant is located off-shore on a platform then an aero-derivative plant is required. On most on-shore applications, if the size of the plant exceeds 100 MW then the frame type is best suited for the gas turbine. In smaller plants between 2-20 MW, the industrial type small turbines best suit the application, and in plants between 20-100 MW, both aero-derivative or frame types can apply. Aero-derivatives have lower maintenance and have high heat-recovery capabilities. In many cases, the type of fuel and service facilities may be the determination. Natural gas or diesel no. 2 would be suited for aero-derivative gas turbines, but heavy fuels would require a frame type gas turbine. 

First off-shore wells, fixed to piers, are drilled in the Caspian Sea. 

The numerical approaches to the solution of the Laplace equation usually demand access to minicomputers with fast processing capabilities. Numerical methods of this sort are essential when the electrolyte is unconfined, as for an off-shore rig or a submarine hull. However, where the electrolyte is confined, as within essentially cylindrical equipment such as pipework and heat-exchangers, or for restricted electrolyte depths, a simpler modelling procedure may be adopted in the case of electrolytes of good conductivity, such as sea-water . This simpler procedure enables computation to be carried out on small, desk-top microcomputers. 

Off-shore gas liquefaction of natural gas on oil platforms is often mentioned as an example of on-site production [5]. Natural gas today is flared as its transportation is not economic. Conversion on-site by conventional reactors suffers from the large weight of the equipment. Gavriilidis et al. state that 5 kg of support are needed to support 1 kg of equipment on an oil platform ]5]. light-weight micro reactors have the potential to use the precious area of the platforms better (Figure 1.26). 

Most of the liquid fuels in use today are obtained from crude oil, also called petroleum, a brownish-green to black colored viscous oil found under the crust of the Earth either on shore or off shore. This oil either flows out by itself due to underground gas or hydrostatic pressure, or it is mechanically pumped out. Petroleum almost always occurs along with gas called natural gas. When the oil well contains both oil and gas it is called a wet well, and when it contains only gas it is called a dry well. 

Fig. 3.7.5 Plot of the DDIF spectra for a several carbonate samples from an Indian off-shore basin over a range of porosities. The porosities of the samples are indicated next to the curves. The plots are shifted for clarity. The DDIF experiments were performed on a Bruker Biospec spectrometer at a magnetic field of 2.14 T (Nalorac Cryogenics, Inc.).

Duplex, and super-duplex stainless steels, contain high percentages of chromium. They are called duplex because their structure is a mixture of the austenitic and ferritic phases. They have a better corrosion resistance than the austenitic stainless steels and are less susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. The chromium content of duplex stainless steels is around 20 per cent, and around 25 per cent in the super-duplex grades. The super-duplex steels where developed for use in aggressive off-shore environments. 

Agricultural engineering Control and actuation mechanism Gas distribution Gathering networks and off-shore production Oil and gas transmission... 

LCM [Leading Concept for Methanol] A process for making methanol, combining the ICI Low Pressure Methanol process with the steam reforming section of the LCA ammonia process. Developed by ICI in 1990 and piloted in Melbourne, Australia, from 1994. Envisaged for floating factories in off-shore gas fields. 

Crawley and Grant (1997) have developed a risk assessment tool for new offshore installations. They have examined typical leak frequencies of equipment items and the ignition probability of these leaks in four pressure bands. With this information it was possible to define leak size and frequency for any piece of equipment and the ignited leak frequency. In off-shore installations gas separation vessels were found to have ten times higher ignited event frequency than oil pumps. 

Abele D, Ferreira GA, Schloss I (1999) H202 accumulation from photochemical production and atmospheric wet deposition in Antarctic coastal and off-shore waters of Potter Cove, King George Island. Antarc Sci 11 131-139... 

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